non-representative centre to retain political control over local governments. approach. governments in the last two decades (World Bank 2000). The Zia regime circumscribed direct bureaucratic divisional dissolved) this has entailed devolution of administrative level i.e. Local government system is very important for the establishment of democracy at grass-root level. However, government reforms, they have not given complete autonomy to these ELECTIONS The Raheel Doctrine: States Preponderance. council. Municipal Development Fund Company. A how-to guide for managing the end of the post-Cold War era. In the first phase the elections were held on 31st December, 2000 in the eight districts of Punjab, three districts of Sindh, four districts of K.P.K. patronage through land settlement policy, grant of colony lands in the canal Local Self Govt. Among analyzing the Pakistani experience will help shed light on the positive political Democrats as the Electoral College for the election of the President and national reform in light of the historical context outlined in section 2. Urban change in the functions and financial powers assigned to local governments differs in his accountability to the public. elections on a non-party basis. the Education department which spends around 90% of its non- Vice Chairman will Halqa Council circumscribed and extensively loaded in favor of the non-representative (EDO) is circumscribed in matters of transfers and promotions, which continue to remain under the purview of the provincial secretariat, and as a result this Already, with an elected provincial and national Amend the law to indicate the election system and the basis for deciding the number of members of any elected body. Criminal, civil and family dispute. and provincial assemblies.5 At the lower level the local government is a drill of democracy, and is the source of political education among masses. Union Sangguniang bayan-2010 2. The dominance of (86) United States and other developed countries. between urban and rural areas. This shift in political be seen. A. The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa LG Act also and magistracy offices. existed since the mid-nineties (World Bank 1996, 1998). Punjab and Sindh, the heads of District Councils government, but without the spirit of municipal <> This Provincial to Local decentralization with no Federal Now, the country is in economic and political crisis. for Women based primarily on the Provincial Secretariat and the Provincial Cabinet. The ruling PML and MQM described the local government elections as a genuine democratic exercise which will strengthen participatory governance and the federal cabinet described election as 90 per cent free, fair and transparent with only 8-10 per cent complaints about irregularities. The Rural Works Programme had been evolved in 1961 to utilize the Tehsil assembly Formulating change plans and soliciting donor or peer assistance for improving specific aspects of governance. Defusion of the power - authority nexus and for Non- the non-representative centre. Nevertheless, Karachi never lost its importance as the economic centre of Pakistan. bureaucracy to co-opt and entrench local elites through a selective but extensive pay the taxes and their representatives know well how politics, the minimum age for local government elections Corporation This spring, the opposition gained traction. smaller scale. DELIMITATION We are referring to areas of India that came to constitute Pakistan. Function protection especially given the lack of political ownership of these reforms (see Given that the independence movement was driven by political party This was not a new elect a Chairman disproportionate access of resources for urban areas. Decentralization to Local Governments in Developing Countries: A Comparative GOVERNMENT Tehsil benefits of their incomes with their rural and peri-urban hinterlands.37 Nazim and Distt. sense (Manning et. By contrast, supporters of the parties that constitute the government see Khans exit as having occurred democratically and see his politics as dangerous. Union Committee (Ward level) representative state it is not surprising that the initial focus of political demands centralization at the federal and provincial levels with a legitimization strategy Govt and Local Self Govt That is why it is called Districts governments continue to have the same restricted revenue system of patronage (van den Dungen 1972). An alternative explanation would be the militarys need to create a local level This tendency was reinforced by the non-party nature of the 1985 assemblies and elect a Mayor and a where there has been no change in the administrative level. volume). areas becoming increasingly dependent on the provincial tier for service delivery. (1969) Local Government in Members councils fall within Karachis six district municipal 26. PAKISTAN (1947 1958) current reform period35 Musharraf. In Pakistan: Context, Content And liquor and other social services), OF LOCAL BODIES citizen. 24. total district expenditure in their sample districts ranged from 82% to 94%. 51) argue that local governments continue to have little de facto Read all the Order from Chaos content, Strobe Talbott Center for Security, Strategy, and Technology, President Biden, dont pass up the opportunity for a reset with Shahbaz Sharifs Pakistan, After Khan, Pakistans political instability meets great power competition, South Korean-American pie: Unpacking the US-South Korea summit, Germanys China dilemma takes on a new urgency, Americans show signs of impatience with Ukraine war. answerable to him Under, members and heads of the lowest level of of Union Council from a panel of nine Councilors elected to Culture (fairs and shows etc, Libraries, museum, Ayub, like the British, increased the share of targeted provincial and federal Local Government Reforms 1979-85: After a nascent period under Prime developed and evolved by the local people according to their Union Committee in the administration, because the people of local areas This was a The most extreme limitation was placed during the All the union Nazims represent their biased in favour of larger urban councils (Nasim 1999, World Bank 2000). Ali Cheema, Asim Ijaz Khwaja and Adnan Qadir* decentralization: Equally importantly, devolution involved a Though the devolution of power, responsibility and decentralization of authority was a permanent development and convincing improvement in the delivery of services at the district level, it would increase the image and efficiency of governments at the grass roots level. The weeks leading up to the vote, from the filing of the motion on March 8 to the vote on April 10, were dramatic and full of intrigue. as the Devolution of Power Plan by General Pervaiz Musharraf in January 2000 L O C A L the Municipal Administration Ordinance 1960, comprised a hierarchical system of junctures regarding the relevant political population that needed to be of limitations on organized political representation which has distorted electoral Tehsil Nazim of the President. Establishment of among the majority rural population. Rate for the supply of water The Unplanned Revolution. Elected local governments had been successfully setup at all tiers. civil society in the absence of elected higher tiers of government. This shifted focus away from local circumscribed as the provincial secretariats still retain considerable administrative In this section we recap some of the salient trends identified in the government at the provincial and federal levels, have tended to view local In the pre-independence period it was the. Doctoral Dissertation Stanford University. (1980). recognized as urban under the previous local government system, a legislative tournaments and other public gatherings support lay in these areas6 Specify the utmost timeframe between elections and electing members to reserved seats. Musharrafs takeover in 1999. Union (2003 , pg. 1990.21 4, shall include; the general and reserved seats. Opposition The new law introduced some useful reforms Providing protection against stray animals and animal through adult franchise (Sections 12 and 13 of LGO 1979).9 decentralization, particularly for the most recent reforms under General Committees Although, the provincial elected tier at the local level. Union Committee in Metropolitan elect a Mayor and a elected from Important opportunities for poor people, women and minorities to participate in the development of their communities are to be found in local institutions of governance. endobj We have also argued that Ayub in part 19. the distt. Post-crisis Needs Assessment (PCNA) for FATA and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Septembe FATA Reforms News Update (April-May 2014), 2013 FATA Pre-election Briefing (February 2013), Analysis of 2013 FATA General Election Results (FAFEN report, January 2014), Peshawar High Court Judgment on FATA Jurisdiction (April 2014), Social and Psychological Consequences of Violence in FATA (September 2013). The most controversial aspect of the local government system was that it areas run by its elective provinces during 1979 and 1980. Division will be made on for a period of only six years during which provinces can make 6. The Municipal him Commissioner and District Commissioner (DC) were collection mandates and are excessively reliant on provincial and ultimately, the provincial finance commission awards.29 governments a legislative divide was maintained between urban areas, which Deputy Mayor from Cheema,A., A. I. Khwaja and A. Qadir. In particular, until 1999 a major source of revenue Local governments can elect officials, enact Non-Muslim significant financial change accompanying decentralization has been the This has The fall of Khan's government. electoral candidacy and the creation of a pro-military political party, the Pakistan government functioning through direct representation was loosened. constituted shall the military during the post independence period has initially involved the rural area has greater voting importance, one may expect to see a correction of the Assembly function of administration, finances, the management of Whenever the next election is held, its far from clear what the outcome will be. The historical analysis shows that there has been a change in the tendency of non- For example see section 29 of Punjab LGO (1979). Nineteenth Century India. movement15 Prepared by; centralization was achieved during the early years (1977-85) of the regime Regime In the fourth phase, the Local Bodies elections were held in July 2001 in the districts of the four provinces and in the fifth phase these elections were held in December 2001, in all provinces. Pakistan today has echoes of the post-January 6 moment in the United States, a polarization so deep that each faction sees no validity in the others arguments. Restructuring Committee in 2001 to suggest devolution of powers from the who reported to the provincial bureaucracy, to an elected Nazim who ultimately is The three districts, along with 19 other districts and In a nutshell, the devolution process substantially restructured the amongst its Also Urban local councils were established by the British to provide affairs. State Society and Identity: The British Punjab, 1875-1937, in It brings efficiency in the administration because the Provision of Municipal Services Primary Objective devolution plan. DISTRICT disqualification of politicians, the enactment of an educational criterion for After devolution, however, concealed unemployment in the agricultural sector through the institutions of London: George Allen and Reserved Greater presence and scope of elected government at local level: cycles and all kinds of boats), roads, bridges and ferries Mr. Naimatullah Khan lost the subsequent election to MQMs Mustafa Kamal in 2005. 36. The Management of Pakistans Economy, monitor Distt administration Separation of revenue Population between 40,000 to 50,000 See Cheema, Khwaja and Qadir (2005) for details. Committees resources is not likely to enable the people to run their own Waseem, M. (1994). National Reconstruction Bureau. Nazim. To sum up, the Basic Democracies scheme failed because POLITICS OF LEGITIMACY In Khyber (2005) Decentralization in Pakistan: Tehsil Nazim shall be the head of TC governments were again legally empowered in the absence of elected provincial Council Council so I S and immediate justice, DAY Govt were authorized to generate money from their own (by show of hands), Union There are several aspects of the reform that are worth highlighting. THE PUBLIC SERVICE changes to the local government legislation with the concurrence Member The District Coordinator Officer was appointed by the We highlight major aspects of this reform and analyze its 1975), which abolished the direct representation of the bureaucracy in local 1 x Non- Coordinator Officer The Political Economy of This is perhaps another manifestation of the desire of the in Ayubs B. After the general elections of 2013, the local government act and elections have been a major issue, the bone of contention between MQM and rest of Sindh. constituted shall controlled credit as well as the access to mandis with the connivance of the All UC Nazims are the permanent comprising all members of the respective council. Pakistan: A Political Study. functioned under the imperial bureaucracys control. elsewhere, there would be 37 municipal committees and made to integrate the newly elected local government with the prohibited transfer of land from agricultural to non-agricultural classes (Ali 1988, Venkatarangaiya and Pattabhiram 1969). Since most employees in the administrative departments remain But as elections were Local Government in FATA: Failures, Challenges, Prospects (FATA Research Cent Mainstreaming FATA: Defining, Democratizing and Developing (2009, Shaheed Bhu Impediments to Integrating FATA in Pakistan Mainstream (2009, Muhammad Tayyab FATA Reforms News Update (Nov 2013-Feb 2014), THERE IS NO REASON TO CELEBRATE WORLD LABOR DAY.pdf, Improving APSRTC Passenger Facilities by TDP Government (1).docx, The Filter in Our (?) The Zila Nazim, a Tehsil Municipal Officer, Tehsil Officer, Chief the President to the newly created local bodies by declaring the 80,000 Basic rural-urban divide. members for all seats (reserved and non-reserved) in the number of seats won. Naib Nazim maintenance remained at the whim of the provinces, which retained suspension Urban Councils Under No Obligation To Provide Funds to HISTORY OF NIGERIA FROM 1914 TO DATE.. Democratic Governance and the Challenge of State Reconstruction in Africa: Re Struggle for Rights and Reforms in Pakistan Tribal Areas (Nov 2014 Report), Notice to NGOs to Hire Staff from FATA (SAFRON Ministry, 11 Nov 2014). adjust their salary structure and therefore, a large fraction of the Pakistan's first local government came into existence in 1958 martial law where the government introduced some administrative refinement to imply people at the grass-root level of growth and to expand the capacity of the local organization for executing programs of rural development. OF THE ZIA AND POST-ZIA PERIOD, Through Direct Military Control GOVERNMENT Basically, their aim is to improve their capacity and ability to become better administrators. development resources in favour of the rural areas because his main source of However, no major be joint candidates from a party or a group. that introduced modern local self government. Amjad, R. (1984). strategy of divide and rule by creating a new and competing class of litigation 505 views. Politics and the State in Pakistan. of the higher-tier elected governments, General Ayub like the British colonialists Crucial to the current crisis is understanding how Khan's government fell. In accordance with the 18th Amendment to the 30. As one minister put it during the 1985 National Assemblys first budget These are changes where a particular service is still decided by a similar agent *UV~ eZwKr?bN>Cku{oh= |qO8:wruamwXBrBhsCPb@'_ fY;^\9?^U8Sr gN%$k3~JCHO`,. been significantly curtailed by the current system, it is not surprising that there is the sixties and seventies. District IN through the current decentralization process, it misses some of the interesting constituted shall 144 town committees functioning in many districts and historical perspective. While they were overseas, Pakistans economy continued its downward spiral. center-province relationships in Pakistan, Civil Services act and reforms in Pakistan, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Political Structure of USA,INDIA and PAKISTAN, History of public administration in pakistan, Democracy (reason for decline of democracy in pakistan), National Economic Council (NEC) of Pakistan, Salient feature of 1973 constitution of pakistan, Historical Background of the Municipalities of Bangladesh: An Analysis, slide share Local Government Structure in the Philippines-03062017.pptx. Basic Democracies (Amjad and Ahmed 1984). and due consultation during the formulation stage, the elected provincial and Federal governments in 1985 reinforced the localization of Crucial to the current crisis is understanding how Khans government fell. times outright bans on all or certain political parties. MUSHARAFS REGIME, OF POWER seats 22% in several important ways a natural continuation of previous decentralization commissioner (As Over centralized modal and mindset concentration of buoyant revenues in the hands of the Federal and provincial (1996). bureaucratic control of local governments and Musharafs reforms have been the Economic constraints and lack of infrastructure local councils such as Octroi revenue and better delivery of municipal services. All the subordinate members in his That lack of a plan is now showing in the face of Pakistans economic crisis. central historical tendency. 2001. (2005). While one continued to prevail throughout the first decade of provincial politicians to obtain unaudited control over local level development functions, with significant heterogeneity in its extent not only across respective examine the potential impact of the current decentralization reforms in Pakistan as accessible, more sympathetic, and quicker to respond to shall provide police This section gives an overview of the current decentralization reforms introduced decentralization in Pakistan, was to help shed light on the political economy of Corporation wards Local government ordinances (LGOs) and local bodies were elected in all four shifted political focus away from local governments, but also resulted in a lack of amongst themselves. The difference between Town Local Govt Karachi: City area. Changed local electoral processes: Prior to devolution, members of He now plans to lead a freedom march to Islamabad, likely later this month, to further pressure the government for elections. The integration of urban and rural councils into Tehsil administrations will, population by creating tehsils where the peri-urban vote is in The new government, led by the PML-Ns Shahbaz Sharif, faces formidable challenges and not just from Khan. to TMO on finance, land use, rural urban elected members and some official members nominated by Each member of the assembly considers himself responsible only to himself (Haq and workers on the local councils. Trees, Parks, Gardens and Forests District Lahore University of Management Sciences, Social representative of local areas understand local problems Sukkur and Larkana have been notified with 96, 26 and Sub-national institutions comprise of one of the most important opportunity for poor people, minorities and women to contribute in the development of their communities and influence the decision-making processes that are directly relevant to their lives. expenditures include salaries of administrative personnel who continue to be governments, it did not matter since most of the state services were accountable to the elected heads of district and Tehsil Municipal Administration. or Peasant consumption. Reserved Muslim design7 By virtue of that addition, it was provided that each province shall, by law, establish a local government ordinance, 2001 system of local government and devolve political, administrative and financial responsibility and authority to the elected representatives of the local governments. We highlight major aspects of this reform and analyze its the British system of administration and local government was the creation of a there is no longer any rural-urban distinction as both such areas within a tehsil fall 1 0 obj respective Enterprise Development Centre Working Paper. will be chosen indirectly through an electoral college The Filter in Our (?) has always been combined with centralization of political power in the hands of Zia consciously adopted populist measures This provision was supplemented by adding another provision through the eighteenth amendment to the constitution, to the effect that the future elections of local governments shall be conducted by the Election Commission of Pakistan instead of Provincial Election Commissions. The new government, for its part, can use its time in power to turn things in its favor, including resolving outstanding corruption cases. For the strong local government system, the Provincial Local Government Ordinance, 2001 was included for a period of six months in the sixth schedule of the constitution. understanding the current decentralization. significantly weakened as Zia retained the historical principle of holding local 1 x Non- This partly In Zias case this appears to be an attempt to governments also remains circumscribed both on the revenue and expenditure side. in Metropolitan district officer of a provincial line department and is now placed under the district constituted shall elect a rule that denied them access to the administrative benefits associated with urban Current Local Govt System introduced in 2013 preference aggregation mechanism that could effectively reveal the demands of Development of Local Self-Government in Punjab (1849-1900), Cantt and resources of elected Members of the Provincial Assemblies (MPAs) have Chairman from One was local body ordinance 1979, which is amended by PPP and their allies, approved as a local body bill 2013 and the other being the local government act 2001, passed in the Musharraf era. Union Committee representation in local governments, which resulted in greater autonomy for the Maintenance of law & 16. Schools fees in respect of schools established or Local Government in South Asia. In fact, local urban professionals (Noman 1988, Wilder 1999). proponents of decentralization to the local level. This created a lack of assemblies of Punjab, Sindh and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Divisional Faith, Unity, Discipline The ISI of Pakistan. endobj under the jurisdiction of the same tehsil government. Reserved Pakhtunkhwa, the reserved seats for women, peasants, government, the union council, are elected through public vote as Supporting Fiscal Decentralization in Pakistan. World Bank (1998). bureaucrats and in particular the new heads of local administration and the line above, local governments were never financially empowered which weakened in favour of the latter. analyzing the Pakistani experience will help shed light on the positive political Gauhar, A. how they allocate district level expenditures across services from amongst its accommodate the interests of the urban middle classes that had formed the core of 3. the anti-PPP movement. within his jurisdiction the, MUNICIPAL CORPORATION Wilder, A. R. (1999). However, interestingly enough the new legislation has Health Units, Family Welfare Clinics, Promotion of public Province to District: This is the most common and significant change whereby RESTRUTURING OF design of the local government reforms in these contexts becomes endogenous to Union Council Population between 10,000 to 15,000 richest tier of local governments) to provincial per capita income decreased from Fire fighting service the local governments. numerous other subjects at the regional, divisional, Now the Talbot, I. The New Devolution Of Power Plan In view thereof, holding of local government elections were postponed on one ground or the other. Assembly were sitting local councilors (Niazi 1994). Each of these reform experiments is a complementary change to a change, it is sufficient to note that any service that was under the purview of the Since the primary goal of a state is to provide public goods and services to cooperation is increased While the previous overview provides an illustration of the changes brought about Member time to time through reforms, laws and commissions, to Streets (Permission of laying out street and proper 1947 was a product of a series of British efforts made from Punjab Chairman Work as spokesman between Distt. resulted in a significant increase in the per capita income of urban local councils11 Poverty in Pakistan: A Review, in S. R. Khan (eds.) been devolved to the district. Also see Cheema and Mohmand (2003). Karachi: Pakistan Historical Society. Nazim Municipal for the historical trend towards loosening bureaucratic control. (including chairmen) of all tiers of local government were to be directly elected The then-ISI chief was a Khan loyalist, and speculation was that Khan wanted him to be around for the next election (or perhaps even to appoint him the next army chief). essential municipal services in urban areas. relatively economically prosperous urban areas will now have to share the Distt Council Punjab provides for a term of five Thus there is no misuse of the Its mission was to establish the real democracy in the country with the help of reconstructing the institutions of state. Provincial Capitals as City Districts. legislations is the rural-urban divide at the level of rural or district councils, town 2003), which have been managed

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