Omissions? 33. One of the first victims was Coligny, who was killed under the supervision of Henry de Guise himself. Updates? Lincoln, chapter 6, pp. [91] Viewed as a threat to the social and political order, Holt argues that "Huguenots not only had to be exterminated that is, killed they also had to be humiliated, dishonoured, and shamed as the inhuman beasts they were perceived to be. Fearing discovery of her complicity, Catherine met secretly with a group of nobles at the Tuileries Palace to plot the complete extermination of the Huguenot leaders, who were still in Paris for the wedding festivities. HISTORY QUESTION Based on the excerpt from Giovanni - Chegg Read online (or offline) with all the highlighting and notetaking tools you need to be successful in this course. [50] The pope ordered a Te Deum to be sung as a special thanksgiving (a practice continued for many years after) and had a medal struck with the motto Ugonottorum strages 1572 (Latin: "Overthrow (or slaughter) of the Huguenots 1572") showing an angel bearing a cross and a sword before which are the felled Protestants. Many Protestants were nobles or bourgeois and Frieda adds that "a number of bourgeois Catholic Parisians had suffered the same fate as the Protestants; many financial debts were wiped clean with the death of creditors and moneylenders that night". PDF on the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre - Archive Richard Verstegan, Horrible Cruelties of the Huguenots in France, 1587 . On the contrary, our common love for Christ impels us to seek tirelessly the path of full unity."[98]. [49], The French 18th-century historian Louis-Pierre Anquetil, in his Esprit de la Ligue of 1767, was among the first to begin impartial historical investigation, emphasizing the lack of premeditation (before the attempt on Coligny) in the massacre and that Catholic mob violence had a history of uncontrollable escalation. D. Priests in the countryside PDF Prologue to a Massacre: Popular Unrest in Paris, 1557-1572 - JSTOR Mons; Sommires; Sancerre; La Rochelle, War of the Three Henrys (158589) Coutras; Vimory; Day of the Barricades, Succession of Henry IV of France (158994) File:Giorgio Vasari San Bartolomeo.jpg - Wikimedia Commons After the wedding of Catholic Marguerite de Valois and Huguenot Henry de Navarre on August 18 of 1572,[17] Coligny and the leading Huguenots remained in Paris to discuss some outstanding grievances about the Peace of St. Germain with the king. Essay Question, Category A Giovanni Michiel, "A Venetian Ambassador's Report on the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre," Perspectives From the Past, pp 484-486.1) After reading Michiel's account, who do you think who is responsible for the St. An attempt was made on Coligny's life a few days later on August 22[18] as he made his way back to his house from the Louvre. The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre and the events surrounding it were incorporated into D.W. Griffith's film Intolerance (1916). Ignatius of Loyola, from The Spiritual Exercises Massacre of St. Bartholomews Day, massacre of French Huguenots (Protestants) in Paris on August 24/25, 1572, plotted by Catherine de Medici and carried out by Roman Catholic nobles and other citizens. That was interpreted by the Parisians as a sign of divine blessing and approval to these multiple murders,[22] and on the same day at night, a group led by Guise in person dragged Admiral Coligny from his bed, killed him, and threw his body out of a window. According to Reuters and the Associated Press, at a late-night vigil, with the hundreds of thousands of young people who were in Paris for the celebrations, he made the following comments: "On the eve of Aug. 24, we cannot forget the sad massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day, an event of very obscure causes in the political and religious history of France. Nowhere was this system more fully and expertly articulated than by the Republic of Venice in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. 34. Few towns escaped the episodic violence and some suffered repeatedly from both sides. 32. Despite the large numbers of pamphlets and broadsheets in circulation, literacy rates were still poor. Richard Verstegan, Horrible Cruelties of the Huguenots in France, 1587 . According to Denis Crouzet, Charles IX feared a Protestant uprising, and chose to strangle it at birth to protect his power. Charles IX was thus forced to head off the potential riot, which was the work of the Guises, the city militia and the common people. Another novel depicting this massacre is Queen Jezebel, by Jean Plaidy (1953). Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Prior to certifying the Managing Accounting Billing Statement for contract payments by Governmentwide Commercial Purchase Card, the Approving/ Billing Official must do what two things? Franois Dubois - Wikipedia In the Holy Innocents' Cemetery, on Sunday, 24, at noon, a hawthorn bush, that had withered for months, began to green again near an image of the Virgin. [12], Nevertheless, it was only in the aftermath of the massacre that anti-monarchical ideas found widespread support from Huguenots, among the "Monarchomachs" and others. Diefendorf, Barbara B.. The Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre : a brief Christopher Marlowe was one of many Elizabethan writers who were enthusiastic proponents of these ideas. AP and Pre-AP are trademarks registered by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse, these products. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. This peace, however, was precarious since the more intransigent Catholics refused to accept it. [69] The most extreme of these writers was Camilo Capilupi, a papal secretary, whose work insisted that the whole series of events since 1570 had been a masterly plan conceived by Charles IX, and carried through by frequently misleading his mother and ministers as to his true intentions. [49], The Politiques, those Catholics who placed national unity above sectarian interests, were horrified, but many Catholics inside and outside France initially regarded the massacres as deliverance from an imminent Huguenot coup d'etat. Huguenots in Rouen, Lyon, Bourges, Orlans, and Bordeaux were among the victims. Oil on panel, 94 154 cm; Cantonal Museum of Lausanne. Saint Bartholomew's Day - Encyclopedia Volume - Catholic Online The massacre killed more than 10,000 people over a period of two months in the fall of 1572. St. Bartholomew's Day massacre - Wikipedia The execution decision was therefore his own, and not Catherine de' Medici's. The Pre-Raphaelite painter John Everett Millais managed to create a sentimental moment in the massacre in his painting A Huguenot, on St. Bartholomew's Day (1852), which depicts a Catholic woman attempting to convince her Huguenot lover to wear the white scarf badge of the Catholics and protect himself. Koenigsberger (who until his retirement in 1984 was Professor of History at King's College, University of London) wrote that the Massacre was deeply disturbing because "it was Christians massacring other Christians who were not foreign enemies but their neighbours with which they and their forebears had lived in a Christian community, and under the same ruler, for a thousand years". [90], Holt, notable for re-emphasising the importance of religious issues, as opposed to political/dynastic power struggles or socio-economic tensions, in explaining the French Wars of Religion, also re-emphasised the role of religion in the St Bartholomew's Day Massacre. It depicts the massacre as having been instigated by Catherine de' Medici for both religious and political reasons, and authorised by a weak-willed and easily influenced Charles IX.[103]. The Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day was the culmination of a series of events: The Peace of Saint-Germain put an end to three years of civil war between Catholics and Protestants. C. Renewed power for the Roman Inquisition 8891 (quotation from p. 91), Foa, Jrmie, "Tous ceux qui tombent. "[66][67], The author of the Lettre de Pierre Charpentier (1572) was not only "a Protestant of sorts, and thus, apparently, writing with inside knowledge", but also "an extreme apologist for the massacre in his view a well-merited punishment for years of civil disobedience [and] secret sedition"[68] A strand of Catholic writing, especially by Italian authors, broke from the official French line to applaud the massacre as precisely a brilliant stratagem, deliberately planned from various points beforehand. CHP. 14 - WC 102.docx - Giovanni Michiel - St. Bartholomew's Day List of ambassadors of the United States to the Holy See Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598). It took all the queen mother's skill to convince the Cardinal de Bourbon (paternal uncle of the Protestant groom, but himself a Catholic clergyman) to marry the couple. In the third episode of the BBC miniseries Elizabeth R (1971), starring Glenda Jackson as Queen Elizabeth I of England, the English court's reaction to the massacre and its effect on England's relations with France is addressed in depth. The murder of thousands of French Protestants by Catholics in August 1572 influenced not only the subsequent course of Frances civil wars and state building, but also patterns of international alliance and long-standing cultural values across Europe. The book begins with an introduction that explores the political and religious context for the massacre and traces the course of the massacre and its aftermath. Coligny's brother-in-law led a 4,000-strong army camped just outside Paris[15] and, although there is no evidence it was planning to attack, Catholics in the city feared it might take revenge on the Guises or the city populace itself. western civ 14&15.docx - Brad Pennington Western Civ St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre - Reactions To The Massacre While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. To cement the peace between the two religious parties, Catherine planned to marry her daughter Margaret to the Protestant Henry of Navarre (the future King Henry IV), son of the Huguenot leader Queen Jeanne d'Albret. Initially the coup d'tat of the duke of Anjou was a success, but Catherine de' Medici went out of her way to deprive him from any power in France: she sent him with the royal army to remain in front of La Rochelle and then had him elected King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. At this time, in an age before mass media, "the pulpit remained probably the most effective means of mass communication".[84]. Franois, Duke of Montmorency and governor of Paris, was unable to control the disturbances in the city. This was much more than a war against the policies of the crown, as in the first three civil wars; it was a campaign against the very existence of the Gallican monarchy itself". 14445, who rejects the view that this "met le feu au poudres" (lit the powder) in Bordeaux. This was the fourth civil war, and centred about a few fortified towns, such as La Rochelle, Montauban, and Nmes. Power Point [48], Among the slain were the philosopher Petrus Ramus, and in Lyon the composer Claude Goudimel. Encouraged by Catholic preachers, they were horrified at the marriage of a princess of France to a Protestant. That evening, Catherine held a meeting at the Tuileries Palace with her Italian advisers, including Albert de Gondi, Comte de Retz. God grant that he may not, be caught up in another which he cannot avoid, this controversial saying by Admiral. Essay Questions:Bartholomew's Day Massacre? A particular point of tension was an open-air cross erected on the site of the house of Philippe de Gastines, a Huguenot who had been executed in 1569. This day led to the three Henry's war. [28], Although Charles had dispatched orders to his provincial governors on August 24 to prevent violence and maintain the terms of the 1570 edict,[29] from August to October, similar massacres of Huguenots took place in a total of twelve other cities: Toulouse, Bordeaux, Lyon, Bourges, Rouen,[30] Catherine de Medici, the mother of Charles, feared Admiral Colignys growing influence over her son. [64][65] There are also a dramatic and influential account by Henry, duke of Anjou that was not recognised as fake until the 19th century. ", This page was last edited on 23 April 2023, at 14:41. 32. 154, The Jewish Encounter with Hellenism: The Maccabees' Rebellion 161, Chapter 5 The Civilization of Ancient Rome 169, A Mummy from the Time of the roman empire (100 C.E.) Madame, the king refuses to involve himself in one war. A 1440 tax survey of aliens indicates they made up 2%. Useful pedagogic aids include headnotes and gloss notes to the documents, a list of major figures, a chronology of key events, questions for consideration, a selected bibliography, and an index. By focusing on describing the political and religious context for the massacre at the beginning, the author demonstrates the severity of the event. 33. 9395 for a different emphasis. "Huguenot writers, who had previously, for the most part, paraded their loyalty to the Crown, now called for the deposition or assassination of a Godless king who had either authorised or permitted the slaughter". [61] Huguenot works understandably dwelt on the harrowing details of violence, expounded various conspiracy theories that the royal court had long planned the massacres, and often showed extravagant anti-Italian feelings directed at Catherine, Gondi, and other Italians at court. GIOVANNI MICHIEL FROMA Venetian Ambassador's Report on the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre The struggle for supremacyin northern Italy, which marked the last half of thefif- teenthcentury, gave rise to a new form of diplomacy, including structures and pro- cedures that wouldbe fundamental to relations amongall modern states. 31. The common people began to hunt Protestants throughout the city, including women and children. "Many Protestant houses were burned, invoking the traditional purification by fire of all heretics. Don't leave a single one alive to reproach me! Henry of Guise then planned an attack on all protestants. Please enable JavaScript on your browser. 1) Funds must be available to cover the check value and the bank's processing fee 2) The Cardholder can dispute a. II. Cavalli, the Venetian Ambassador, maintained in his report that the king held out for an hour and a half, finally yielding because of Catherine's threat to leave France and the fear that his brother, the Duke of Anjou, might be named captain-general of the Catholics. The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre was a wave of mob violence directed against the French Protestant (Huguenot) minority by the Catholic majority. Anonymous, A German Print of the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre . The story was fictionalised by Prosper Mrime in his Chronique du rgne de Charles IX (1829), and by Alexandre Dumas, pre in La Reine Margot, an 1845 novel that fills in the history as it was then seen with romance and adventure. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. A riveting account of the Saint Bartholomews Day Massacre, its origins, and its aftermath, this volume by Barbara B. Diefendorf introduces students to the most notorious episode in Frances sixteenth century civil and religious wars and an event of lasting historical importance. 30. [75] By this period the Massacre was being widely used by Voltaire (in his Henriade) and other Enlightenment writers in polemics against organized religion in general. 2013, St Bartholomew's Day Massacre in the Provinces, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "From Marriage to Massacre: The Louvre in August 1572", "Gaspard II de Coligny, seigneur de Chtillon | French admiral and Huguenot leader | Britannica", "Le massacre de la Saint-Barthlemy: l'obsession de la souillure hrtique", The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to Al Qaeda, The Cambridge Modern History Volume III: Wars of Religion, Russia self-condemned, secret and inedited documents connected with Russian history and diplomacy, "Vigil Address of the Holy Father John Paul II", "The Doctor Who Transcripts The Massacre of St Bartholomew's Eve", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre&oldid=1151357161, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010, Articles needing additional references from November 2017, All articles needing additional references, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, France articles missing geocoordinate data, Articles missing coordinates without coordinates on Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Sculpted Pillar at Gobekli Tepe (c. 10,000 B.C.E.) The king's Swiss mercenaries were given the task of killing a list of leading Protestants. The Catholic response to a Huguenot plot / Claude Haton (1572) -- 18. [31] In most of them, the killings swiftly followed the arrival of the news of the Paris massacre, but in some places there was a delay of more than a month. The Huguenot political movement was crippled by the loss of many of its prominent aristocratic leaders, and many rank-and-file members subsequently converted. Under the terms of the peace, and after considerable popular resistance, this had been removed in December 1571 (and re-erected in a cemetery), which had already led to about 50 deaths in riots, as well as mob destruction of property. The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre (French: Massacre de la Saint-Barthlemy) in 1572 was a targeted group of assassinations and a wave of Catholic mob violence directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants) during the French Wars of Religion. [89] Some blame the complete esteem with which the sovereign's office was held, justified by prominent French Roman Catholic theologians, and that the special powers of French Kings "were accompanied by explicit responsibilities, the foremost of which was combating heresy". This traditional interpretation has been largely abandoned by some modern historians including, among others, Janine Garrisson. According to the contemporary French historian Jacques Auguste de Thou, one of Coligny's murderers was struck by how calmly he accepted his fate, and remarked that "he never saw anyone less afraid in so great a peril, nor die more steadfastly". Revolutionary Violence in Elizabeth Inchbald's, Letters from Earth. The film follows Catherine de' Medici (Josephine Crowell) plotting the massacre, coercing her son King Charles IX (Frank Bennett) to sanction it. Garrison, pp. Impact California Social Studies World History, Culture, and Geography The Modern World [59], The massacre "spawned a pullulating mass of polemical literature, bubbling with theories, prejudices and phobias".

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