Erikson, M. G., & Erlandson, P. (2014). Studies originating in North America, those with six or more authors, sample sizes > 100, and those that are retrospective or prospective case series are independent predictors of greater citation rates at 6 years in orthopedic spine-specific medical literature. Chorus, C. & Waltman, L. (2016). Problems of citation analysis: A critical review. [10], The most-cited paper in history is a paper by Oliver Lowry describing an assay to measure the concentration of proteins. Country over-citation ratios. Institutional self-citation rates: A three-year study of universities in the United States. Scientometrics,94(2), 777780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2013.11.001. Self-citations as strategic response to the use of metrics for career decisions. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb026644. The ethos of science and its correlates: An empirical analysis of scientists endorsement of Mertonian norms. The practice of self-citations: a longitudinal study. To calculate the RCR, we first need to determine the average annual citation rate for the article (citations / years). In Springer Handbook of Science and Technology Indicators (pp. All articles published within the 24-month time frame were selected to produce an average citation rate for the journal itself over that period. 2018; Baccini et al. 5a, b compares the calculated low outlier threshold (i.e. [31][32][33], Open access (OA) publications are accessible without cost to readers, hence they would be expected to be cited more frequently. We had reason to question this approach when we noted that China was leading in citation rates Kaplan, N. (1965). Within each ESI field, the average self-citing rate for each Highly Cited Researchers output was displayed by ranked order of the percentage of cites (to highly cited papers) that were self-cites or references (listed in highly cited papers) that were self-cites or self-references. American Documentation,16(3), 179184. Previous studies have looked at citation rates for preprints of Covid-19 papers [17] and quality of evidence contained within published Covid-19 articles [18, 19]. Fowler and Aksnes (2007), in a study that should give pause to all who wish to erase self-citations in an evaluation, demonstrated that self-citations generate citations from others by making publications more visible. Bornmann, L., Adams, J., & Leydesdorff, L. (2018). The work we report here has focussed on a particular tranche of researchers: individuals with a significant portfolio of papers that all lie within the 1% most highly cited for their field. Research Policy,48(2), 478491. Anderson, M. S., Ronning, E. A., DeVries, R., & Martinson, B. C. (2010). We then quantify the number of citations these papers have received and compare rates to non-Covid-19 papers in the same journals over the same timeframe. Therefore more than half thepublications are below the mean average. A citation rate is the average number of citations received by a group of papers published in one research field in a given year. ESI surveys more than 11,000 journals from around the world to rank authors, institutions, countries, and journals in 22 broad fields based on publication and citation performance. (2009). This paper introduces a graphical method for testing for indicative excessive author self-citation and hence distinguishing this, via informed data review, from the true performance of the most influential researchers. The wider implication is that, despite the general and widespread pattern of self-cites across field profiles, care will always be required to interpret the particular statistics of any field-limited sample. We compare these rates with citation rates for non-Covid-19 articles published in the same 24 journals over an identical time frame. How much is too much? Scientometrics,21(2), 245254. Each table contains citation data for the past ten years. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology,60(6), 12831285. A baseline of 15 Covid-19 articles was set as a requirement for a journal to be included. Each graph includes Q1, Median, Q3 and the lower and upper thresholds (set at 1.5 and 3 times the inter-quartile range, IQR) for indicative outliers (see Fig. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 2018; Baccini et al. Science,335(6068), 542543. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187394. (2018). Fields are ranked by median self-referencing, Key parameters for analysing the distributions of the frequency of self-citations among Highly Cited Researchers (20082018) by Essential Science Indicator fields. The practical intention of a graphical method is that the threshold value applied to plotted data should identify exceptional instances of high self-citation compared to the normal range for that field and that set of researchers. Journal of Informetrics,10(2), 552566. (2017). affiliations represented by the authors of the citing works (academia, industry, government, etc. Following the 2021 release of the Web of Science Group's Journal Citation Report (JCR 2021) and Scopus' CiteScore, 46 of the journals published by Frontiers have a Journal Impact Factor and 57 journals have a CiteScore. Profesional de la Informacin,27(2), 241253. Green and gold open access citation and interdisciplinary advantage: A bibliometric study of two science journals. The prevalence of synchronous self-citation practices at the institutional level. The 10-year averages are calculated from citations from articles published during the same 10-year period. Citation benchmarking shows how citations received by this article compare with the average for similar articles. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-008-2160-2. Price, D. J. D. (1976). 2), Log plots by Essential Science Indicators field of the pattern of self-referencing to earlier papers by Highly Cited Researchers identified by analysing Web of Science data for 20082018 and to (self-citing from later publications) highly cited papers on which a researcher is also an author or co-author. Lin, W. Y. C., & Huang, M. H. (2012). https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.200910360. https://doi.org/10.1108/00220410810844150. [59][60] The latter model is even used as a predictive tool for determining the citations that might be obtained at any time of the lifetime of a corpus of publications. To examine this more closely, we randomly selected three journals included for this paper and manually searched each journals website for Covid-19-related articles that the journal itself had categorized as an original piece of research over three months. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 46(2), 102105. What do citation counts measure? A variety of values for N may be considered, where a low threshold would be more exclusive, delineating a relatively large proportion of researchers to be reviewed, and a high threshold would be conservative, maximising inclusiveness and focussing only on extreme outliers. The key to interpretation is the need to determine the relationship between summary citation impact and fundamental research influence. For months after, cases and fatalities rose at staggering clips as governing bodies worldwide grappled with the best measures to contain the virus. In a study based on the Web of Science database across 118 scientific disciplines, the top 1% most-cited authors accounted for 21% of all citations. A higher rate of self-citation is expected for co-author than for strict author self-citation, and, in general, a rising rate of co-author self-citation is observed with the growth in average number of authors per paper over time (van Raan 1998; Aksnes 2003; Glnzel and Thijs 2004b). https://doi.org/10.22452/mjlis.vol22no1.1. The expected number of citations articles of the same field, publication type, and publication year have received within the same time period is 18. An index to quantify an individuals scientific research output. Scientometrics,5(4), 211218. In total, 9,141 from 1900-2015 and 4,593 from 2016-2020 endometrial cancer related studies were identified with the USA having the largest numbers of publications, citations, institutions, as well as the highest country-specific h-Index concerning endometrial cancer research in both periods. in the group. This is a consequence of the relatively large number of (often annually refreshed) review papers in these fields. Ghiasi, G., Larivire, V., & Sugimoto, C. R. (2016). Because of extreme skews, thresholds can only be indicative under any circumstances. It is measured each year by the Web of Science Group and reported in the Journal Citation Reports (JCR). We considered a variety of thresholds, but as visual guidelines we found that the accepted box-plot standard of 1.5 times the inter-quartile range worked well. The list is intended to identify scientists and social scientists who have demonstrated significant community influence through their publication of multiple papers frequently cited by their peers during the last decade. Those citations are from articles published between 2008 and the present. Tahamtan, I., & Bornmann, L. (2018). San Jose, CA. We also thank an anonymous referee for their comments regarding the typicality of highly-cited researchers. The nature of research in a field, its level of fractionation, typical citation densities and potentials: all these and more contribute to what may be an expected rate of self-citation for a field or an individual. While marked outliers are detectable, they are not present in all fields and they cannot be excluded by a single universal arbiter such as a percentile. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165551511412027. Since the purpose of analysing highly cited research is to recognize scientists and social scientists with community-wide influence, which such portfolios lack, we introduced a filter to detect and review those whose high citation profile was in fact narrow and substantially self-generated. Self-citation can inflate h-index. Journal of the American Society for Information Science,27, 292306. This would seemingly be an impactful factor in how often these articles are being cited. eLIFE, 8, article number e45374. 2010; Cooke and Donaldson 2014; Huang and Lin 2011; Schubert 2016; Galvez 2017; Hyland and Jiang 2018; Mishra et al. Regional cases increased rapidly over the next weeks, and scientists worldwide began to take notice. Copiello, S. (2019). World flash on basic research: The influence of author self-citations on bibliometric macro indicators. Citation indexing: Its theory and application in science, technology, and humanities. The difference between research influence and self-citation excess, $${\text{Threshold}} = \left[ {{\text{Q}}3} \right] + \left[ {\left( {{\text{Q}}3 - {\text{Q}}1} \right)*N} \right]$$, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-020-03417-5, How hot are hot papers? Goodhart's law [] states that when a feature of the economy is picked as an indicator of the economy, then it inexorably ceases to function as that indicator because people start to game it. When controlling for influence of field categorization and article numbers, Covid-19 papers received 84% more citations than non-Covid-19 papers in the non-randomized sample (p<0.001, 95% CI [1.222.45]). 46(1) 118-130 The Author(s) 2019 . https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.21042. A general theory of bibliometric and other cumulative advantage processes. Identifying community-wide influence is a central, though not sole, focus of the work that led to this paper, as will be described below. (2020). Average citation rates of these subsets are commonly used as a baseline so that one can compare among disciplines. table displays aggregate data for each of the 22 ESI research fields. Amidst all of this, there has been an explosion of peer-reviewed literature about Covid-19 as researchers work to uncover details such as structure, infectivity, spread, effects, prevention, and treatment of this novel virus. This odd result is driven by frequent group authorship of highly cited papers. Covid-19 has dominated global focus since the onset of 2020, affecting over 200 countries across the world [15]. SCOPUS provides evidence of collaboration with other scientists and organizations, publication productivity, cited-by works, the h-index and also includes tools for creating citation graphs and Wordle maps.

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