By 1900, the process of economic concentration had extended into most branches of industrya few large corporations, some organized as "trusts" (e.g. During the 1880s, Americas railroads laid more than 75,000 miles of new track, the most anywhere in history. [17], Steel rails lasted over ten times longer than did iron,[18] and with the falling cost of steel, heavier weight rails were used. Wrought iron was soft and contained flaws caused by included dross. The wide-ranging social impact of both revolutions included the remaking of the working class as new technologies appeared. The electric street railway became a major infrastructure before 1920. [52], The tremendous growth in productivity, transportation networks, industrial production and agricultural output lowered the prices of almost all goods. The first seagoing iron steamboat was built by Horseley Ironworks and named the Aaron Manby. The science of thermodynamics was developed into its modern form by Sadi Carnot, William Rankine, Rudolf Clausius, William Thomson, James Clerk Maxwell, Ludwig Boltzmann and J. Willard Gibbs. Know what started the Industrial Revolution and why it originated in Great Britain through its 10 most important causes. Applied science opened many opportunities. In the chart, you will identify the political, social, economic, population, and transportation changes that the revolution brought to each region. In the same time period, new technological systems were introduced, most significantly electrical power and telephones. [81], The telephone was patented in 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell, and like the early telegraph, it was used mainly to speed business transactions. This led to many business failures and periods that were called depressions that occurred as the world economy actually grew. Six years later, in 1863, the rail seemed as perfect as ever, although some 700 trains had passed over it daily. Through this method, an open-hearth furnace can reach temperatures high enough to melt steel, but Siemens did not initially use it in that manner. Many factory owners became rich. Brunel followed this up with the Great Britain, launched in 1843 and considered the first modern ship built of metal rather than wood, powered by an engine rather than wind or oars, and driven by propeller rather than paddle wheel. This milestone was reached by the Low Countries and the US in the 1950s. This caused unemployment and great upheavals in commerce and industry, with many laborers being displaced by machines and many factories, ships and other forms of fixed capital becoming obsolete in a very short time span. While factory automation and productivity had been improved by the limited use of First Industrial Revolution inventions such as the steam engine, interchangeable parts, the assembly line, and mass production, most late 19th century factories were still water-powered. Electrification also allowed the inexpensive production of electro-chemicals, such as aluminium, chlorine, sodium hydroxide, and magnesium.[32]. It resulted in increased trade, the development of class consciousness, improvements in the quality of life, greater world economic stratification, etc. Developments such as steel, electricity, increased mass production, and the building of a nationwide railroad network enabled the growth of sprawling cities. Updates? Sorby pioneered the study of iron and steel under microscope, which paved the way for a scientific understanding of metal and the mass-production of steel. The petroleum industry, both production and refining, began in 1848 with the first oil works in Scotland. In 1700, before the widespread use of fossil fuels . [21][22] His inventions of electromagnetic rotary devices were the foundation of the practical use of electricity in technology. The AC motor (Induction motor) was developed in the 1890s and soon began to be used in the electrification of industry. They also needed to keep track of cars, which could go missing for months at a time. Honors World History 3 Chapter 24 Notes Flashcards | Quizlet Massive improvements in public health and sanitation resulted from public health initiatives, such as the construction of the London sewerage system in the 1860s and the passage of laws that regulated filtered water supplies(the Metropolis Water Act introduced regulation of the water supply companies in London, including minimum standards of water quality for the first time in 1852). Northern Europe produced all of the goods, made more money, and the workers living conditions were higher. Match. The turbine's first application was in shipping followed by electric generation in 1903. The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in history as it hugely impacted the way societies in the world would function in the years to come. It has been followed by the Third Industrial Revolution in which digital communications technology and the internet changed how we transmit information, do business and interact with each other. 7 Negative Effects of the Industrial Revolution - HISTORY In 1841, Joseph Whitworth created a design that, through its adoption by many British railway companies, became the world's first national machine tool standard called British Standard Whitworth. Increasingly, people moved from farms and villages into bigger towns and cities to find work in factories. The key development of the vacuum tube by Sir John Ambrose Fleming in 1904 underpinned the development of modern electronics and radio broadcasting. Thanks to the development of sewage systems in cities along with the passage of drinking water safety laws, public health improved greatly and rates of death from infectious diseases fell. Between 1865 and 1916, the transcontinental network of railroads, Americas magic carpet made of steel, expanded from 35,000 miles to over 254,000 miles. For working-class families, prosperity was often followed by poverty as the availability of work rose and fell depending on the demand for goods. The early technique of hot blast used iron for the regenerative heating medium. In this nonfiction reading and writing activity, students will explore cause and effect, especially as it relates to the industrial revolution. The development of more intricate and efficient machines along with mass production techniques (after 1910) greatly expanded output and lowered production costs. Ford is a great hero, Freeman says, but the other side of the coin is a nightmarish vision of the factory as Satans province.. Understanding chemistry greatly aided the development of basic inorganic chemical manufacturing and the aniline dye industries. Chinese well drilling technology was introduced to Europe in 1828.[41]. Higher steam engine efficiency caused the number of steam engines to increase several fold, leading to an increase in coal usage, the phenomenon being called the Jevons paradox. The Golden Book of Cycling William Hume, 1938. From the 1880s until electrification it was successful in small shops because small steam engines were inefficient and required too much operator attention. Britain invested less in technological research than the U.S. and Germany, which caught up. Living standards improved significantly in the newly industrialized countries as the prices of goods fell dramatically due to the increases in productivity. These technological changes introduced novel ways of working and living and fundamentally transformed society. Iron rails could also not support heavy locomotives and were damaged by hammer blow. The Gilded Age in America was based on heavy industry such as factories, railroads and coal mining. [88], Railroads involved complex operations and employed extremely large amounts of capital and ran a more complicated business compared to anything previous. Cotton mill workers from Indianapolis, circa 1908. [92], Like the first industrial revolution, the second supported population growth and saw most governments protect their national economies with tariffs. Great swaths of land that had once whispered grass now screamed corn and wheat.". The Industrial Revolution first began in Britain in the 18th century but soon spread throughout Europe and North America. The changing world of the Second Industrial Revolution also led to fears by social critics about the loss of freedom, autonomy and independence that is replaced by boredom, repetition and toil, according to Freeman. Matthew, H.C.G. It became far easier to get around on trains, automobiles and bicycles. The large number of stages of the turbine allowed for high efficiency and reduced size by 90%. The Devastation-class turret ships were built for the British Royal Navy as the first class of ocean-going capital ship that did not carry sails, and the first whose entire main armament was mounted on top of the hull rather than inside it. People are coming from rural backgrounds who are used to self-directing their work, which is organized around the seasons and light, Freeman says. ", Roberts, Wayne. Population Growth and Movement in the Industrial Revolution, Coal Demand and the Industrial Revolution, The Most Important Inventions of the Industrial Revolution, Notable American Inventors of the Industrial Revolution, Economic Growth: Inventions, Development, and Tycoons, The Railways in the Industrial Revolution, The Development of Banking in the Industrial Revolution, The Differences Between Communism and Socialism. Electrification allowed the final major developments in manufacturing methods of the Second Industrial Revolution, namely the assembly line and mass production.[29]. Causes of the Industrial Revolution - HISTORY CRUNCH To help their impoverished families, children, often as young as four years old, were forced to work long hours for little pay in factories under unhealthy and unsafe conditions. Sponsored by Sen. Robert F. Wagner of New York and signed by its ardent supporter, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the FSLA prohibited the employment of minors in oppressive child labor, established a mandatory minimum wage, and limited the number of hours employees should work. [77] By the time of Parson's death, his turbine had been adopted for all major world power stations. It planned and funded a simple cruciform system that connected major cities, ports and mining areas, and linked to neighboring countries. Steuart, William M. Abstract of the Census of Manufactures, 1914 .. Washington: Govt. We discovered that for six weeks they had worked from seven in the morning until nine at night, Addams later wrote, and they were exhausted as well as satiated. The first billion-dollar corporation was United States Steel, formed by financier J. P. Morgan in 1901, who purchased and consolidated steel firms built by Andrew Carnegie and others. Combined with these, the development of machines controlled by rudimentary computers, gave rise to automated production. The Atlantic Telegraph Company was formed in London in 1856 to undertake construction of a commercial telegraph cable across the Atlantic Ocean. 3) Mining of Resources. By the early 18th century, people there had used up most of their trees for building houses and ships and for cooking and heating. Robert Longley is a U.S. government and history expert with over 30 years of experience in municipal government and urban planning. Improved versions were used to stabilize automatic tracking mechanisms of telescopes and to control speed of ship propellers and rudders. Cities grew larger, but they were often dirty, crowded, and unhealthy. Agricultural Revolution Start, Causes & Effects | What was the What Are The Causes Of The Second Industrial Revolution Highly efficient multiple expansion steam engines began being used on ships, allowing them to carry less coal than freight. Products More Affordable 2. By the middle of the 19th century there was a scientific understanding of chemistry and a fundamental understanding of thermodynamics and by the last quarter of the century both of these sciences were near their present-day basic form. Built on an unprecedented scale and pioneering the use of high voltage (10,000V) alternating current, it generated 800 kilowatts and supplied central London. The availability of cheap steel allowed building larger bridges, railroads, skyscrapers, and ships. By the late 1700s many people could no longer earn their living in the countryside. The causes of the Second Industrial Revolution were: Natural resources (coal,iron, oil) Abundant Labor Supply (immigration) Strong Government Policy (Laissez Faire) New Sources of Power ( electricity,petroleum,steel) Railroads American Inventors and Inventions Your welcome. During the Napoleonic Wars, Britain's navy had seized Americans and their cargo to help with . The Major Causes of the Industrial Revolution Include. The increase in mechanization required more metal parts, which were usually made of cast iron or wrought ironand hand working lacked precision and was a slow and expensive process. As a result, production often exceeded domestic demand. Machines More Efficient 3. Machines greatly increased production. [52], Crop failures no longer resulted in starvation in areas connected to large markets through transport infrastructure.[52]. [31] Household electrification did not become common until the 1920s, and then only in cities. The enormous expansion of rail and telegraph lines after 1870 allowed unprecedented movement of people and ideas, which culminated in a new wave of globalization. The modern bicycle was designed by the English engineer Harry John Lawson in 1876, although it was John Kemp Starley who produced the first commercially successful safety bicycle a few years later. Terms in this set (3) . The higher rate of employment is easily seen by considering the 1909 rates of employment compared to the populations of each state in the 1910 census. Mechanical innovations such as batch and continuous processing began to become much more prominent in factories. 02.01 Regions Chart and Written Response There were several events during the Second Industrial Revolution that had profound effects on each of the major regions in the United States. Henry Ford built his first car in 1896 and worked as a pioneer in the industry, with others who would eventually form their own companies, until the founding of Ford Motor Company in 1903. Industrial Revolution, in modern history, the process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing. Not only did the longer sections of steel rails allow for tracks to be laid far faster, more powerful locomotives, which could pull longer trains, which greatly increased the productivity of the railroads. Since rural areas were now connected to large urban markets by a well-developed transportation network, unavoidable crop failures no longer doomed them to poverty. Vanadium steel, for example, is strong and fatigue resistant, and was used in half the automotive steel. What were the effects of the Second Industrial Revolution? [23][24] Swan's lightbulb had already been used in 1879 to light Mosley Street, in Newcastle upon Tyne, the first electrical street lighting installation in the world. The work of Michael Faraday and others was pivotal in laying the foundations of the modern scientific understanding of electricity. By the late 1940s, many of the assembly line factories of the First Industrial Revolution quickly evolved into fully automated factories. The girls said they worked long hours in a candy factory and couldnt stand the sight or smell of it. Invented in 1856 by Sir Henry Bessemer, the Bessemer process allowed for the mass-production of steel. [56] Dunlop's development of the pneumatic tyre arrived at a crucial time in the development of road transport and commercial production began in late 1890. The increase in steel production from the 1860s meant that railways could finally be made from steel at a competitive cost. The second industrial revolution also known as the technological revolution was a period of breaking advancements in the aspects of manufacturing, technology, and the methods of industrial production which particularly took place in the United States from 1870 to 1914. Archive maintained by 'The Pedal Club'. He is exhibiting in his hand a replica of his first successful incandescent lamp which gave 16 candlepower of illumination, in contrast to the latest lamp, a 50,000 watt, 150,000 candlepower lamp. They continued to be drivers of the economy until after WWII. Young found that by slow distillation he could obtain a number of useful liquids from it, one of which he named "paraffine oil" because at low temperatures it congealed into a substance resembling paraffin wax. By 1870 the work done by steam engines exceeded that done by animal and human power. Germany was not weighted down with an expensive worldwide empire that needed defense. The railroad soon became the main way by which companies transported raw materials to their factories and delivered final products to consumers. Up to that time, propellers were literally screws, of considerable length. Child Laborers Stripping Tobacco In New York 1873. The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution, was a phase of rapid scientific discovery, standardization, mass production and industrialization from the late 19th century into the early 20th century. The Mariner's Mirror, The Journal of the Society of Nautical Research. While the First Revolution was driven by limited use of steam engines, interchangeable parts and mass production, and was largely water-powered (especially in the United States), the Second was characterized by the build-out of railroads, large-scale iron and steel production, widespread use of machinery in manufacturing, greatly increased use of steam power, widespread use of the telegraph, use of petroleum and the beginning of electrification. And factory workersincluding womenthen had the money to buy these products. The key principle was the removal of excess carbon and other impurities from pig iron by oxidation with air blown through the molten iron. Download Free Worksheet View answer key Identifying Causes & Effects of the Second Industrial Revolution David Edward Hughes and Heinrich Hertz both demonstrated and confirmed the phenomenon of electromagnetic waves that had been predicted by Maxwell. 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