Us too! As the battle lines were drawn, the different methods employed by each side in presenting their case spoke to some of their basic assumptions about the nature of the issue. There, he met the same Indian chief and his wives. It also was an early battle of conservatives vs progressives. First major political debate over environment. Many viewed saloons as sources of drunkenness, violence, and occasionally murder. C. Funding for public education was highest in rural areas. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. injustices. Progressives involved in reform placed emphasis on knowledge and expertise (examplesocial work). the electorate for approval. But camped together beside jewel-like Lake McDonald in what would become Glacier National Park, they took a liking to each other. conditions of the industrial workplace. The construction of the Hetch Hetchy Railroad took place from 1915 to 1918. magazine writers who exposed the political and economic evils of the day. It pitted a powerful city against a dedicated group of conservationists. Most turned to "helping" professionssociety considered domestic and suitable for women: desirable activities get fewer resources than they deserve? In the sum of American economic expansion the intrusion might have seemed a minor, obscure matter, but to [John] Muir immense issues were involved: why had the nation preserved that pure wildness in the first place? As we learned from Rachel Carsons Silent Spring, humankind can damage the environment while attempting to control it. Suffragists argued that suffrage would make important contributions to politics because of women's During the opening months of his administration, Taft called Congress into special session to lower protective rates. In 1987, President Reagans Secretary of the Interior, Donald Hodel, proposed that Hetch Hetchy be restored. Hetch Hetchy: Pros and Cons of Restoration - Yosemite Tales o Faith in knowledge: applying to society the principles of natural and social sciences. He brought together a coalition that would support his program. Photo: Chris Migeon. The second concept is preservation. There is a third concept, too, though it was little understood at the time. The construction of the Hetch Hetchy Railroad took place from 1915 to 1918. But Hetch Hetchy was a federally protected as part of Yosemite National Park. Pinchot was Americas Forester. He served as the first head of the United States Forest Service. the 1914 elections. Whom did the party nominate? forever.. The Panic of 1907 was a relatively serious economic downturn in the United States caused by a New York credit crunch that spread across the nation and led to the closings of banks and businesses. Buchanan v. Worley (1917): Supreme Court struck down a law in Kentucky, requiring residential segregation o NAACP also addressed the lynchings occurring in the South. Second, dams slow rivers. How did Wilson purpose to deal with the problem of monopolies? Coming from the San Francisco Bay Area youll pass right through Buck Meadows on Highway 120. should exist only if they benefited the middle-class. Who were the muckrakers? First, they block rivers which prevents fish from migrating. California Rep. John E. Raker submitted a bill to Congress granting the city of San Francisco the right to dam the Hetchy Hetchy Valley as a reservoir and also provide the city the right of municipalized electricity as well. He connected the new forests to his beloved national parks, he wrote of God in nature, he compared the commissions congressional opponents to yellowjackets in a horses ear. Triangle Shirtwaist fire: Union Labor Party(California) passed a child labor law, a workmen's compensation law, and the limitation on working hours for women. Roosevelt loved being president. government should improve and stabilize society. State governments responded by requiring the licensing of all physicians. Hetch Hetchy: Congress and the Environment | National Archives o The federal government growing upset with the IWW. Hetch Hetchy was a spectacular high-walled valley within Yosemite National Park. Muir argued that every remaining acre of unentered forest-bearing land in all the country . In 1901, one of the first professions to organize on a national level was in the field of, When it came to environmental issues, Theodore Roosevelt o New scholarly theories argued that the immigrants were polluting the nation's racial stock. Buck Meadows is also a great place to spend the night. You might as well deface the worlds great cathedrals, he said, for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man. The issue was decided in December 1913, when Woodrow Wilson signed the Raker Bill into law, authorizing the dams construction. The inadequacy of the citys existing water supply came into sharp focus. Does the decision to make a blockbuster movie mean that some other more Garfield had granted San Franciscos request, but Ballinger ordered the city to show cause as to why Hetch Hetchy should not be deleted from their grant. Hetch Hetchy was a spectacular, high walled valley, in the Yosemite National Park, and was popular with naturalists such as Muir and other Sierra Club members. had the right to be expanded. Muir deeply inspired Pinchot, who in turn helped influence Muirs writing. They wanted a federal law making lynching illegal. Founded in 1903 by Jane Addams, Mary Anderson and other trade unionists, the Women's Trade Union League (WTUL) devoted itself to securing better occupational conditions for women and encouraging women to join the labor movement. In his political program known as "New Freedom," Woodrow Wilson believed trusts o Rancher in the Dakota Badlands; he helped capture outlaws National Park Service - HISTORY There are four fundamental ways in which dams damage rivers. What is the Nineteenth Amendment? Others envisioned a moderate reform that would allow small-scale private enterprise to survive, but would nationalize major industries. Her poetic descriptions of Hetch hetchy won her the attention of powerful members of Congress. What made Wilson look towards reform issues once again? The reservoir supplies water for the city of San Francisco, so there is no recreational boating or swimming allowed. . This is why environmental impact statements, which were not required prior to 1969, are so important today. Was everyone satisfied with the amendment? Plus, the granite walls converge into a narrow outlet at the bottom of the valley the perfect location for a dam. The new 68-mile (109 km) railroad wound its way up the narrow canyon of the Tuolumne River past sharp curves and up steep 4% grades. Why did some progressives oppose business? Morgan organized a team of bank and trust executives. Expect delicious meals and hearty portions to fuel your adventure or beat that post-hiking hunger. Tammany Hall: In the first years of the twentieth century, how did the suffrage movement gain strength? "Prohibition Law" declared it illegal to make, transport, or sell alcohol in the United States. W.E.B. . o Longer life expectancy Chapter 20 APUSH Flashcards | Quizlet Using executive powers, Roosevelt restricted private development on millions of acres of undeveloped government landmost in the Westadding them to the previously modest national forest system. Democrat Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912; Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete. History. Taft made Richard A. Ballinger as Robert La Follette: governor of Wisconsin. o Primary Election: an attempt to take the selection of candidates away from the bosses and give One freezing night on the commission trip, the two talked until midnight, huddled around a campfire on the south rim of the Grand Canyon. . They also remove water needed for healthy in-stream ecosystems. APUSH Unit 7: Chapter 28 Flashcards | Quizlet Other reforms (by some states): Subject. The most prominent preservationist spokesman was John Muir.. Hetch Hetchy represented the first great environmental controversy in the US, [10] and debate over the dam and reservoir continues today. What reform issues did Wilson not support? Interracial organization founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination and to achieve political and civil rights for African Americans. . In the autumn of 1871, John Muir visited Hetch Hetchy for the first time. Theodore Roosevelt led the fight in favor of building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. Modern o Initiative: allowed reformers to circumvent state legislatures by submitting new legislation Youll just need to see them for yourself. The people of San Francisco won and were able to build a reservoir in the valley. The Hetch Hetchy Valley was within Yosemite National Park and protected by the Federal Government, leaving it up to Congress to decide the valley's fate. APUSH Chapter 21 Vocabulary Flashcards A Century Later, the Battle for Hetch Hetchy Continues How did this affect other professions? Briefly present an argument why ONE of the following developments was the most significant factor contributing to greater environmental conservation in the United States in the 1930s. party continued to develop. They fished together and talked long hours into the night. manager or engineerto take charge of the city government APUSH Framework. Campaign for Republican nomination became a battle between Roosevelt and Taft. This 1910 view shows Kolana Rock and Tueeulala Falls in the background. To do so, it would either have to buy out the private monopoly at an exorbitant price or outmaneuver or outbid Spring Valley for a potential new reservoir., (Source: Natural Rivals: John Muir, Gifford Pinchot, and the Creation of Americas Public Lands, John Clayton). On a national stage, Hetch Hetchy became caught in the cross fire between the interests of private utilities ownership and those of municipal ownership. This limits their ability to access spawning habitat, seek out food resources, and escape predation. Finally, with the railroad complete, teams broke ground on the OShaughnessy Dam on August 1, 1919. What are some of the issues clubs addressed? 1902 in ordered the Justice Department to invoke the Sherman Antitrust Act against a new railroad monopoly in the NorthwestNorthern Securities Companyenterprise pieced together by J.P. Morgan and others. the double-declining-balance method is an accelerated method of depreciation. Congress has set aside the Yosemite Valley as a state park in 1864, established a national park around it in 1890, and then reclaimed the valley as part of the national park in 1903. Photo: Kim Lawson. o Interest groups. There have been lawsuits over whether San Francisco violated the agreements of the Raker Act. o Moved mayoral elections to years when no presidential or congressional races were being held. In 1908, Theodore Roosevelts Department of the Interior granted San Francisco the authority to dam the Tuolumne River in Hetch Hetchy Valley for use as a reservoir. For Chapter 29 only read and take notes on pages 679-685 Key Concept 7.1: Growth expanded opportunity, while economic instability led to new efforts to . Others argued that we must limit the flow of new arrivals. What should be the fate of prairies, wetlands, or coastal marshes? Materials: 14 Document Facsimiles After his second term, he retiredbrieflyfrom public life. Photo: Herbert W. Gleason courtesy of the Sierra Club. Helped turn his state into what reformers across the nation called the "laboratory of progressivism". When youre standing at the shore overlooking what appears to be a lake, picture yourself looking down into a verdant valley filled with the tall native grasses that give the valley its name. Who was Robert La Follette? In the mountainous West, land set aside for homesteading sat unclaimed, too distant and treacherous for prospective farmers, and entirely unprotected by the government. Were they successful? The falls roar in spring and early summer. But many residents of San Francisco worried about finding enough water to serve their growing Population, saw the valley as an ideal place for a reservoir. The Battle over Hetch Hetchy - Google Books Explain. A few became physicians, lawyers, engineers, scientists, and corporate managers. After 2.5 miles (4.0 km), youll reach the Wapama Falls Bridge with an up-close view of the lowest section of Wapama Falls. They were introvert and extrovert. It limited the ability of individuals to control their own destinies. Explain the success of the child-labor laws supported by Wilson. Who was in charge and where did they gain their support? How are these opinions different than and similar to today? Within a few weeks the panic passed, with only minimal effects on the country. Remember Hetch Hetchy: The Raker Act and the - National Park Service They poured an estimated total of more than 398,000 cubic yards (304,000 cubic meters) of concrete to form the dam. Mining and logging interests railed against the plan. The National Park Service conducted research to determine what would happen if the dam were removed, and people have repeatedly proposed costly studies to further understand the consequences of removing the dam. Mirror Lakes famous spring-time reflections capture the eye and mind. Men and municipalities who wish something for nothing will encroach upon them, if permitted. National opinion divided between giving San Francisco the right to dam the valley and preserving the valley from development. Some believed in working for reform through electoral politics, others favored militant direct action. What was the social gospel Apush quizlet? Why did many progressives look towards reforming state governments? Hetch Hetchy is the incredible story of Americas most controversial dam and the birth of the environmental movement. Pinchot fought these fires in Washington. held a strong commitment to improved racial justice. neither A nor B, Which statement regarding the controversy over Hetch Hetchy Valley is FALSE? While youre at it, plan to add to the historic flavor of this route with a stop the Northern Mariposa County History Center. The walls of both are of gray granite, rise abruptly out of the flowery grass and groves are sculptured in the same style, and in both every rock is a glacial monument., (Source: Journal of Sierra Nevada History & Biography, Hetch-Hetchy, Natural History Before The Dam, Joe Medeiros), In defense of Hetch Hetchy, Muir crafted some of his most famous prose. Muir was an immigrant, an evangelist, an individualistic outsider. directly to the voters in general elections. Women's clubs began primarily as cultural organizations to provide middle- and upper-class women without an outlet for their intellectual energies. O'Shaughnessy Dam (California) - Wikipedia Founder of Settlement House Movement. The battle went on for over a decade over whether or not to have a dam. Tammany Hall (NY Political Machine) began to use their political power on behalf of legislation to improve working conditions, protect child laborers, and eliminate the worst abuses of the industrial o Recall: gave voters the right to remove a public official from office at a special electioncould As surely as forests provided timber, so did they provide beauty, inspiration, and the renewal of over-citified spirits. The text of this article is available for unedited republication, free of charge, using the following credit: Originally published as Friends of the Land: John Muir and Gifford Pinchotin the Winter 2020issue ofHumanitiesmagazine, a publication of the National Endowment for the Humanities. Please notify us at@emailif you are republishing it or have any questions. Early twentieth-century clubs turned from cultural to social betterment. At the turn of the twentieth century, progressive activists. Learn what to expect from Mirror Lake in various seasons. March 1911 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory; led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers. o Disputes over waterrivers and streams that crossed state lineswho controlled? He had to then appease both the conservatives and progressives. Legal walls must be built about them for defense, for every park will be attacked. But it was later struck down by the court. The Hetch Hetchy Controversy, 1903-13 Additional Resources in the Library of Congress The Library of Congress's General Collections include many materials related to the Hetch Hetchy controversy: books, pamphlets, and government documents. o Divorce rate grew. Born in Massachusetts, educated at Fisk University and Harvard. Chapter 28 Apush. o Some argued that immigration should be restricted by nationalitythe "new immigrants" were less apt to assimilate. These clean and comfortable rooms also enjoy access to the pool, spa and other facilities at Yosemite Westgate Lodge. It pitted a powerful city against a dedicated group of conservationists. In March 1907, the stock market crashed because of over-expansion and poor speculation. o Technological innovationsrunning water, electricity, household appliances made housework . Nevertheless, some women, the new middle-class did enter professional careers. What dramatically weakened the socialists? How did Roosevelt respond to Taft's presidency? On U.S. Forest Service land, the interests of mining and lumber companies are balanced with the recreational pursuits of hunters, snowmobilers, and cross-country skiers. As well dam for water tanks the peoples cathedrals and churches, for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man.'. o Banning campaign contributions by corporations The founder of the Sierra Club worshiped the outdoor world. Today, the National Park and U.S. Forest Service embody the legacy of Muir and Pinchots alliance. Explain. ~ The establishment of the Civilian Conservation Corps ~ The creation of the Tennessee Valley Authority ~ The onset of the Dust Bowl b. The commission took a four-month tour of the American West, surveying and ultimately recommending that the government assume protection of more than 21 million acres of forest across 13 reserves. Waterfalls gushed at Hetch Hetchy after an atmospheric river event in October 2021. The battle went on for over a decade over whether or not to have a dam. To help the poor, there must be an improvement in the conditions. He said, So we come now face to face with the perfectly clean question of what is the best use to which this water that flows out of the Sierras can be put. They also argued that it would help the temperance movementgiving the largest group of supporters a political voice. Complete ruin of the national economy was averted when J.P. Morgan stepped in to meet the crisis. Pinchot wrote that the men felt like guilty schoolboys the next morning, returning to their hotel to assure their travel companions they hadnt fallen into the chasm. I will agree to take down Hetch Hetchy, when we first replace it with a bigger new reservoir such as a bigger taller Yosemite Valley dam at El Capitan. Garfield was responding to critics who believed that the federal governments primary responsibility was to use the nations public resources for development in the service for the greatest number of people. Hetch Hetchy Environmental Debates | National Archives Furthermore, they provided a place for the wild plants and creatures to live out their own lives, according to their purposes. needed to be tightly regulated by the federal government. If the nation set aside some natural places as especially sacred, how far beyond their borders should a sense of the sacred extend? What was the chief concern of the "Social Gospel"? In 1923, the O'Shaughnessy Damwas completed on the Tuolumne River, flooding the entire valley under the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir. And in a larger sense, the waters of California served as the converting agents. As it debated this legislation, Congress negotiated the fate of a federally protected valley located in Yosemite National Park-asking should the dam be built or the valley preserved? Second, the sanctity of the national parks which they believed should not be violated. Hetch Hetchy Valley: The federal government allowed the city of San Francisco to build a dam here in 1913. B. led to a diversification of research interests. Some argued that women needed to be able to vote especially if blacks, immigrants, and other "base" groups had access to the vote. It was such an evening as I have never had before or since. This friendship was critical to the success of the National Forest Commission. Taft investigated the charges and decided they were groundless. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. APUSH Chapter 22 Flashcards | Quizlet Prominent sponsors of the dam proposal, particularly (by then former) Mayor James Phelan and city engineer Marsdon Manson (and later his successor, Michael OShaughnessy), quietly lobbied key figures in the government, trusting that the appeal of municipal water and power would easily win supporters amid the prevailing progressive political climate. Why did voter turnout decline? Their distinct skills and conflicting views proved complementary, helping define the diversity of the American public lands system. How was it alleviated? Residents from San Francisco, however, wanted to use the territory to get water for their growing population. Ballinger-Pinchot dispute: Ballinger was charged with having once conniving to turn over valuable public coal lands in Alaska to a private syndicate for personal profit. Most reformers agreed that the growing immigrant population had created social problems. Morgan not used to being told "no". Including additions made between 1934 and 1938, the dam currently stands 430 feet (131 m) above the bedrock below. These helped to advance the suffered defeat). For Muir, damming Hetch Hetchy was a blasphemy. Describe three different progressive impulses. This was a blow to preservationists, who wished to protect the Yosemite National Park, where the dam was located. Hetch Hetchy and Yosemite Valley are so similar because they were created by the same sequences of geological activity. Once again, the political pendulum would swing. In American politics during the late nineteenth century. If you delight in getting off the well-beaten path, or if you are looking for a peaceful natural retreat, its perfection. They wrote letters to each other regularly. Submit your nominations for the 2024 NEH Jefferson Lecturer, NEH Jefferson Lecture in the Humanities nominations. What impact did it have on the temperance movement? Government should regulate Even in the summer when Yosemite Valley is being explored by visitors from around the world, Hetch Hetchy remains an oasis of relative calm. Create a federal agency through which the government would help business police itself regulatory commission. Why? o Settlement houses The question Pinchot always asked was, What is the greatest good for the greatest number?, He was famously quoted as saying, Where conflicting interests must be reconciled, the question shall always be answered from the standpoint of the greatest good of the greatest number in the long run., RELATED: Gifford Pinchot: A 2021 Lesson From Americas First Forester, In his congressional testimony, Pinchot argued in favor of building the dam. Some clubs were important in winning passage of state (and ultimately federal) laws that regulated the food and drug industries, reformed policies with Native Americans, urban housing, manufacture and sale of alcohol, child labor laws, women's pensions. Is your answer was the first American president to take an active interest in environmental conservation o As president, he became a champion of cautious, moderate change. In 2019, Restore Hetch Hetchy commissioned another study that found enormous recreational value from removing the dam. The Tuolumne River originates in the peaks above Tuolumne Meadows and is the major drainage system for the northern part of Yosemite. Hull House Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. It was the second tallest dam in the U.S. at the time. Others felt it was a threat to freedom. Level. This, a system joining preservation with conservation, was the result of his alliance with Pinchot. In 1896, the National Academy of Sciences created a National Forest Commission, tasked with researching and reporting policy recommendations for the administration of Americas forests. But what about when the lake dries? Some argued that an Equal Rights Amendment should also be passed, but this got little attention. Many feared that we were headed for a timber famine in the next twenty years. The bustling metropolis of Los Angeles could not have become the city it did without the water which flowed from the Owens Valley hundreds of miles away. All thirty-five questions pertain to the time period 1491 to 1945 (aka P1-P7), with questions 1-13. City Manager Plan: elected officials hired an outside expertoften a professionally trained business West and East. Describe the controversy that destroyed Taft's popularity with reformers for good. o Led by Eugene Debs The controversy over damming Hetch Hetchy became mired in the political issues of the day. Let us introduce you to some of the unique giant sequoia groves in the Yosemite Mariposa County area the Merced, Tuolumne, and Mariposa Groves are inside Yosemite National Park, and the Nelder Grove is just outside the park boundary to the south. o They supported pacifism and labor organizing Reformers viewed state legislatures as corruptincompetent, corrupt, controlled by party bosses. Would there be any room in an acquisitive society for wildness, or for non material spiritual values?. And if youre an engineer or a manager, or if youre interested in fairness or democratic processes, youre probably a Pinchot person. And yet, for Clayton, these differences deepen the story of the two mens cooperation as much as their rivalry. While opponents of the dam were hard pressed for financial support, the city of San Franciscos campaign was well financed.
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