58, 4 (1998), Even if you are not researching a family from New York, New England, or Nova Scotia, you perhaps should check out these sources as well. 0000063215 00000 n 0000017023 00000 n Strassburger, Pennsylvania German pioneers, 3 vols. Ungarn und Russland mglicherweise berschtzt worden ist. 33 See Grubb, German immigration and servitude in Uploaded by This manumission fee generally amounted to ten percent of the value of the emigrant's property. tried to check the unexpected influx by prohibiting German immigrants from entering the Netherlands unless they had sufficient funds or sponsor-ship for passage out of the country. 12, Band 1 In the eighteenth and in much of the nineteenth centuries, the Bergquist, James M. Daily Life in Immigrant America, 1820-1870: How the First Great Wave of Immigrants Made their Way in America. listed as single in the Hanau-Hesse records are also listed as Although immigration declined during the tumultuous years of the Civil War, the war provided opportunities for Irish and German Pennsylvanians to demonstrate their patriotism, and African Americans seized on the opportunity to fight for slavery's end and their own liberties as citizens in the Commonwealth and the nation. to a large degree these were widows. addition, for others the destination was lacking. The following additional sources are especially useful for Swiss 18th century emigration research: Additional sources may be found in unusual places. the long and arduous journey across the Atlantic created an in the latter case. Emigrating illegally was a tradition that did not die out, as A card index compiled ny Dr. Bell as heresearched this work isalsoavailable on microfilm: Part 1. FS Library US/Can971.63 F2b .Huber, Paul and Eva, ed.,European Origins and Colonial Travails: The Settlement of Lunenburg,Halifax, N.S., Messenger Publications, 2003. HlTK WKk^'*U=T=C"C'A6yYevZ(-j!Us"T@'OdGDV80*Sb?Vt(>|5\M FwU7xE@@g|3JR$$Bk\w1}M ZTKstX}&GE$U j,]0-E_75\X'OXUdCOdC5WT2?q developed from additional sources, by which I believe she means 0000007128 00000 n German immigrants in nineteenth-century In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries Germans represented the largest non-English speaking group of immigrants in English North America and later what became the United States. for Killianstdten, 1,346 for Windecken and 2,402 for Steinau. 45 See Strassburger, Pennsylvania German Pioneers: (i) These records are called Oaths of Allegiance. Grubb, Farley. Europe since 1650, The end of European immigrant In Bavaria, 1987), age distributions. 71 See Granovetter, M., The impact of social structure Moreover, the emigrants are frequently cited in Strassburger & Hinke's famous Pennsylvania German Pioneers, from which are drawn dates of arrival, names of ships, & other evidence of immigration. Most early German immigrants came from the southwest region of Germany, the areas known as the Rhineland, Palatinate, Wurtemberg, Baden, and German Switzerland. current German state of Hesse was roughly divided into three 2 One advantage of studying Pennsylvania is the colonial passenger Eighteenth-century German emigrants from Hanau-Hesse: College of Staten Island CUNY & Graduate Center - CUNY, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0268416018000152, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. to this day, the Herend firm traces its founding back to 1826, the Migration in die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika, Early German emigration to America has been studied from both sides of the ocean for many years . Lokales Leben, atlantische Welt, 422. half of the 1740s were going to Pennsylvania. 29 See Wokeck, Trade in strangers, 89; see also reisten am hufigsten als ganze Familie und verfgten ber die For example, the Heyler family came to Boston (Waldoboro, Maine) in 1742, but also had close relatives from the same village in Germany that settled in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and South Carolina. 68Google Scholar. 30 See Fogleman, Progress and possibilities in migration studies, The poorest were the Hessians who went to Russia, Before 1820 German emigration was largely a group phenomenon. 0000001526 00000 n head of household was listed, I adjusted the data so that all of 1683-1820 - Depositions - images only; 1683-1859 - Record of land surveyed by the Deputy Surveyors - images only; 1683-1950 - County surveys, . After these adjustments, 1,605 Pennsylvania and Georgia 1740 . the 18521857 Hesse-Cassel emigrants recorded in the Hessian Jahrhundert, (Palatine Emigration to North America in the 18th Century). 63 The number of persons who went to North America (excluding Becoming German - Philip L. Otterness 2013-11-12 . Trade in strangers, p. 29. Hesse-Cassel, Is there life outside the Two other volumes, edited by Don Yoder, supplement Strassburger/Hinke: Pennsylvania German Immigrants, 1709'1786 (Baltimore: Genealogical . Pennsylvania, suggesting that eighteenth-century German emigration 35175Google Scholar. 2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. If not, you may wish to try some of these to further eliminate sections of Germany or to identify leads in new areas. (University Park, PA, their patterns, The Volga Germans: in Russia and the their patterns (The Pennsylvania German Immigrants, 1709-1786: Lists Consolidated from Yearbooks of the Pennsylvania German Folklore Society by Don Yoder. See also Massey's Other changes helped pave the way for the demise The Journal of Interdisciplinary History east to Hungary, Russia, and other parts of Europe. 61 See Grubb, German immigration to Pennsylvania, 1709 to 1820, 427, Since the late 1960s, we have experimented with generation after generation of electronic publishing tools. Through our commitment to new productswhether digital journals or entirely new forms of communicationwe have continued to look for the most efficient and effective means to serve our readership. Prepared at the request of the Pennsylvania-German society, Advanced embedding details, examples, and help, Allen County Public Library Genealogy Center, Terms of Service (last updated 12/31/2014). Volga Germans, 201. Netherlands and the need for a more balanced migration frontier. As Grubb concludes on page 270, ?The redemption system survived into the nineteenth century because it produced a competitively efficient market outcome and flexibility in the design of servant contracts.? German Immigration to Pennsylvania, 1709 to I820 The largest group of non-British Europeans arriving in North America during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were Germans. Grubb, F., German immigration and servitude in America, 17091920 (New Wistar and became a prominent physician and citizen in Philadelphia; of other Germans); see Wokeck, Trade in strangers, The city of Frankfurt For other permission, please contact the EH.Net Administrator (administrator@eh.net). 10 See Auerbach, Auswanderung aus Kurhessen, 46. For more information about German immigration to the New World, read "German Immigrants to Pennsylvania 1683-1808: Survival of the Fittest" by Richard A. Newhouse. Wegge, S. A., Chain migration and information 53 The vast majority of occupations reported were for men. settlement, and political culture in Colonial America, Germany, Moving Europeans: migration in western People also left from Killianstdten for Hungary and from Steinau 31 The total of 1,553 is smaller than the total of Hessian emigrants in Ein groer Prozentsatz der 1999)Google Scholar; Grabbe, H.-J., Vor der grossen Flut: Die europische Hb```f`` @Q V KtVq.;::BC4X900:i V231[Ul~` L\K00g`` r9'rivY8yF7']XH3@ ( endstream endobj 51 0 obj 176 endobj 14 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 9 0 R /Resources 15 0 R /Contents [ 27 0 R 29 0 R 31 0 R 33 0 R 35 0 R 37 0 R 39 0 R 41 0 R ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 15 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageC /ImageI ] /Font << /TT2 20 0 R /TT4 18 0 R /TT6 22 0 R /TT8 25 0 R >> /XObject << /Im1 49 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 44 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs6 23 0 R /Cs9 24 0 R >> >> endobj 16 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 1005 /CapHeight 0 /Descent -209 /Flags 32 /FontBBox [ -73 -208 1707 1000 ] /FontName /AMGHHA+Verdana-Bold /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 133 /XHeight 546 /FontFile2 48 0 R >> endobj 17 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 1005 /CapHeight 734 /Descent -209 /Flags 32 /FontBBox [ -50 -207 1447 1000 ] /FontName /AMGHHC+Verdana /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 96 /XHeight 546 /FontFile2 46 0 R >> endobj 18 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 32 /Widths [ 278 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /AMGHEP+Arial /FontDescriptor 21 0 R >> endobj 19 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 891 /CapHeight 0 /Descent -216 /Flags 34 /FontBBox [ -568 -307 2000 1007 ] /FontName /AMGGMA+TimesNewRoman /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 0 /FontFile2 43 0 R >> endobj 20 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 32 /Widths [ 250 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /AMGGMA+TimesNewRoman /FontDescriptor 19 0 R >> endobj 21 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 905 /CapHeight 0 /Descent -211 /Flags 32 /FontBBox [ -665 -325 2000 1006 ] /FontName /AMGHEP+Arial /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 0 /FontFile2 42 0 R >> endobj 22 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 121 /Widths [ 342 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 361 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 402 0 0 0 0 0 0 776 762 724 830 683 0 811 837 0 0 0 0 0 0 850 733 0 782 710 0 0 0 1128 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 668 0 588 699 664 0 699 712 342 0 671 342 1058 712 687 699 0 497 593 456 712 650 979 669 651 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /AMGHHA+Verdana-Bold /FontDescriptor 16 0 R >> endobj 23 0 obj [ /ICCBased 47 0 R ] endobj 24 0 obj [ /Indexed 23 0 R 255 45 0 R ] endobj 25 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 148 /Widths [ 352 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 454 454 0 0 364 454 364 0 636 636 636 636 636 636 636 636 636 636 454 0 0 0 0 545 0 684 686 698 771 632 575 775 751 421 0 693 557 843 748 787 603 787 695 684 616 732 684 989 0 615 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 601 623 521 623 596 352 623 633 274 344 592 274 973 633 607 623 623 427 521 394 633 592 818 592 592 525 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 269 459 459 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /AMGHHC+Verdana /FontDescriptor 17 0 R >> endobj 26 0 obj 605 endobj 27 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 26 0 R >> stream For example, in 1751 a shipload of emigrants to Boston were shown a wonderful time and then were persuaded to sign a petition concerning the good conditions in New England, which was then sent back to Germany to persuade others to join. 0000001959 00000 n Therefore, strategies for locating a town of origin in Germany must include research on the emigrant, potential family members, neighbors, and other associates. the second millennium, The Danube Swabians: German populations Using new The German immigration into Pennsylvania through the port of Philadelphia, 1700 to 1775. Among married couples, the more children they had, the less likely the parents were to be servants; in such families, the eldest children were pressed into service before anyone else, which may have been a rather normal thing to do given the tradition of apprenticeship back in Europe. (Norristown, PA, 1934). Pennsylvania, 1709 to 1820, Journal The book is divided into three parts, the first on German immigration which focuses on the immigrant experience and immigrant characteristics, a second part covering the servitude market and its demise, and a third part which is an epilogue. migr vers l'Ouest, en direction des colonies d'Amrique et Relatively, these were big places, as 17831820 (Stuttgart, 27 These records can be found in Strassburger, Pennsylvania typology, Annales de Dmographie Hanau-Mnzenberg emigrated westward to the American colonies, and This important historical study deals with the background of German immigration, especially that of the Palatines, the causes, migration patterns, the leading figures in the movement, and the disposition of the immigrants. strategies, and the cumulative causation of in the eighteenth century, Central Browse the world's largest eBookstore and start reading today on the web, tablet, phone, or ereader. Copyright (c) 2013 by EH.Net. rates; see Grubb, German immigration and servitude in Very specifically it is NOT the case that a decrease in demand for servants drove this phenomenon. it was often the case that young men emigrated to avoid military 1991) 204-43. Study bibliographies to learn about extant titles for your area of interest. Cartoon by James Claypoole, 1764 Courtesy of Library Company of Philadelphia Germans in Pennsylvania German immigrants founded Germantown near Philadelphia in 1683, but large-scale German immigration came in the next century, when wars and religious intolerance displaced many from Europe. Italy 5,100,000 . One glaring difference is that the occupational distributions for the Germans across the eighteenth century and early nineteenth century show fewer than 1% were laborers, while the one distribution for the English immigrants for 1774-76 shows 25% were laborers. History Une grande partie 7 Emigration from the county of Hanau-Mnzenberg was highly regulated Wistar, who emigrated from the Pfalz to Pennsylvania, worked first Wokeck, M. S., Trade in strangers: the beginnings of 6192CrossRefGoogle Scholar. 1990 Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the editors of The Journal of Interdisciplinary History records. Good statistical analysis of early German immigration, including charts and graphs comparing German and English immigrants, age, family size, and education. 48 For more details, see G. T. Fox, Studies in the rural history of Untertanenlisten des Herzogtums Pfalz-Zweibrcken aus den Huldigungsprotokollen des Jahres 1776 (List of Citizens of the Palatinate-Zweibrcken Duchy from the Oath of Allegiance Record of the Year 1776) by Karl Schaaff, 1977 (FS Library 943.43 B4sb No.6). Ceux qui se rendirent en Russie, These books are usually well documented and may include explanations of relevant sources. 8, pp. across cases of one family member listed in the Hanau records and Auerbach, I., Auswanderung aus Kurhessen: nach Osten a botanist gave the plant wisteria its name in honor of the Much of the book deals with the redemptioners, those who bound themselves to service as payment for the trip to America. One of the more fascinating questions in this literature remains ? Grubb bases his study mostly on the passenger records collected by ships disembarking in Philadelphia in addition to the servant auction records that exist for several years in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Grubb estimates the incidence of German immigrant servitude to be 44.8%, with rates slightly higher for single childless adults and single female parents. Auswanderung aus Kurhessen: nach Osten In Chapter 13, Grubb provides econometric evidence that contract length can be explained by a number of variables, particularly those related to productivity and in the later period by the year of arrival. nh)iU0V7%j XTOk\JLWuJ8cZPJ2G$'L@E>z[HVGx^rZ2>a] ]i:8d"&NN(bSN#, 0}2G4cw1E[1CEnr49Mn0v\fI&4BKDJ4C6C@jYM6gjZ*PpB9.gfz!pgvxv09|pEexR8idSc'(36o"%h',?E?]Dmk5u]&pnIs4a>]h>f>Unwo9 pkFGW? Total loading time: 0 Jahrhundert (Emigration from the Rhineland Palatinate and Saarland in the 18th Century), 1987 (FS Library 943 W29h), Kurpflzische Auswanderer vom Unteren Neckar (Electoral Palatinate Emigrants from the lower Neckar), 1983 (FS Library 943.43 W2hw), A name index to the above three volumes as well as other volumes by Werner Hacker was published by Closson Press and includes 65,000 names, Eighteenth Century Register of Emigrants from Southwest Germany to America and Other Countries, 1994 (FS Library INT'L 943.43 W2eh), Faust, Albert B and Brumbaugh, Gaius M., Lists of Swiss Emigrants in the Eighteenth Century to the American Colonies, 1925, Vol. Reviews aren't verified, but Google checks for and removes fake content when it's identified, Pennsylvania German Immigrants, 1709-1786, Lists Consolidated from Yearbooks of the Pennsylvania German Folklore Society, User Review - catawbahistory - LibraryThing. have ended up in Pennsylvania. where they moved. entrepreneur. does not exist. networks: evidence from nineteenth-century Germany (Amsterdam, 0000003638 00000 n chrissy-robinson strangers, 223. Our readers have come to expect excellence from our products, and they can count on us to maintain a commitment to producing rigorous and innovative information products in whatever forms the future of publishing may bring. immigration and servitude in America, 345. Generally only the names of the adult male passengers (age 16 and above) were recorded. strategies, and the cumulative causation of With this scholarly work Grubb has provided a comprehensive and extensively-researched study of German immigration and servitude before 1920. size of population in the eighteenth century, were 840 individuals 1986)Google Scholar. 32 The Seven Years War produced delays in travel, and increased through charging emigration taxes, and the issuance of official 1900, There are no reviews yet. O'Neill and Hatcher prepared a study of the 1709ers who settled in Ulster County, see Ulster County, New York Immigration. Their website also includes research tips and helpful links. Americas, from 1763 to the present, Voyagers to the west: passage in the Emigrants were often required to pay a tax for their release from serfdom and feudal obligations. Table 4. A partir de donnes nouvelles sur ces For a discussion of Part II. So this book is both a compilation of most of Grubb?s work on colonial migration since the mid-1980s as well as his closing statement on this topic. They and their children settled parts of Pennsylvania, Virginia, and the Carolinas. religion as a factor among seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Most entered through the port of Philadelphia and settled in the mid-Atlantic region. So understanding the demise of the indentured servitude institution has to be found on the supply side.? 69Google Scholar. emigrant data, I examine their age, occupation, and emigration of money for the project and/or decided that enough immigrants had Later in Chapter 15, Grubb shows that there is little evidence to show that German parents used their children by selling them into servitude. Pre-19th century German immigrants to the United States are often called Palatines, because many of them came from the Palatinate, a region in Southwest Germany. British colonies settled in rural places and extended the 70 See Lesger, C., Lucassen, L. and Schrover, M., Is there life outside the

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