A two-layered molybdenum liner is used for the precursor and a copper liner for the main warhead. While making the warhead smaller, this change makes it more effective, leaving more room for propellant for the main rocket motor, and thus increasing the missile's range. It can be found in the missile information under "Explosion radius". The tube has built-in electronics and a locking hinge system that makes attachment and detachment of the missile to and from the Command Launch Unit a quick and simple process. For a bomb that size, people up to 21 km (13 miles) away would experience flash blindness on a clear day, and people up to 85 km (52.8 miles) away would be . The Javelin command launch unit then sends a lock-on-before-launch signal to the missile. ). In direct attack mode (fastball), the missile cruises at a lower altitude directly at the target. All ATGMs, to include the Javelin, are designed to produce a small hole, penetrate armor, and deliver the explosive charge. Source Distribution General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems is a global leader in the design and development through production of warheads for an array of applications. The motors use a common nozzle, with the flight motor's exhaust flowing through the expended launch motor. The all-up-round test sets include: extreme temperature testing; missile tracker testing (track rate error, tracking sensitivity); seeker/focal plane array testing (cool-down time, dead/defective pixels, seeker identification); pneumatic leakage; continuity measurements; ready time; and guidance sections (guidance commands, fin movement). JAVELIN is a trademark of Lockheed Martin Corporation. It can be fired from the shoulder, or from a dedicated launcher named the Lightweight Multiple Launcher (LML), that carries three rounds, and can be vehicle mounted. The missile launches after a short delay. Javelin Heavy Assault Missile: 0.895 Fury Cruise Missile: 0.908 Rage Heavy Assault Missile: 0.920 Standup Missiles (all sizes) 0.944 Torpedo: 0.944 Javelin Torpedo: 0.967 Rage Torpedo: And Russia's using it against Ukraine. individual paratrooper, door bundle, tracked/wheeled vehicles, rail, ship, or air. Blast fragmentation warheads use pre-formed fragments or naturally fragmenting metal cases, and are intended to engage softer targets, such as light armored vehicles and open air personnel. km.). The passive infrared targeting system used to acquire lock-on cannot be detected. The maximum effective range of the Javelin is 2,000 meters. [41][42][43] On May 8, 2022, Lockheed Martin CEO James Taiclet stated that Lockheed will nearly double the production of Javelins to 4,000 a year. We are a committed to providing the U.S. military and its allies with an extensive range of overarching products that provide a cutting-edge advantage to our war fighters. According to a 2016 DOT&E report, Javelin gunners fired primarily against enemy bunkers, caves, urban structures, mortar positions, snipers, and personnel emplacing IEDs.34 A 2009 U.S. Army report highlights this trend among U.S. partners, noting that Of the more than 1,200 Javelins fired by British troops, none has been used against armored targets.35 Javelin gunners also played a pivotal role in the famous Battle of Debecka Pass, in which a small contingent of U.S. Special Operations Forces and Peshmerga fighters defeated an Iraqi motorized company.36, Javelin missiles have proliferated in several Middle East countries. Personnel should always wear the approved hearing and eye protection when positioned in Area 1. The FGM-148 Javelin is an American man-portable surface-to-air missile developed by Raytheon and Lockheed Martin. When the gunner is satisfied with the target picture, a second trigger is pulled to establish a "lock". The maximum production rate is 6,480 a year, but it would likely take a year or more to reach that level. It uses automatic infrared guidance that allows the user to seek cover immediately after launch, as opposed to wire-guided systems, like the Dragon, which require the user to actively guide the weapon throughout the engagement. Additionally, Ukrainian officials estimated that up to 500 missiles per day were being used in the early days of the war. Hellyer said Russia had a longer. 34.16 lbs. Back blast caution are 2. Round Diameter with End Caps on. Javelin automatically guides itself to the target after launch, allowing the gunner to take cover and avoid counterfire. The Javelin uses two shaped-charge warheads in tandem. Sometime after, the AAWS-M received the designation Javelin, and the AAWS-M Project Office was officially renamed the Javelin Program Office fiscal year 1991.3 Today, the program is officially designated the Javelin Close Combat Missile System Medium and is manufactured jointly by Raytheon and Lockheed Martin through the Javelin Joint Venture (JJV). Javelin Missile The Javelin Launcher only supports one type of missile. Development test and evaluation is conducted to demonstrate the engineering design and development process is complete. Using an arched top-attack profile, Javelin climbs above its target for improved visibility and then strikes where the armor is weakest. To guide the missile, the system has sensors that check that the fins are positioned as requested. It is equipped with an imaging infrared seeker. UH-1 Plank Modular Helicopter Weapon System / Universal Ammunition Loading System (UALS), Gun barrels for U.S. fighter aircraft including the A-10, F-14, F-15, F-16, F/A-18 and F/A-22, GAU-19B Gatling Gun / MK47 40mm Grenade Launcher, 20mm Phalanx / 30mm Goalkeeper / AEGIS Illuminator. individual paratrooper, door bundle, tracked/wheeled vehicles, rail, ship, or air. The Javelin's high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) warhead can defeat modern tanks by top attack, hitting them from above, where their armor is thinnest, and is also useful against fortifications in a direct attack flight. As of 2019[update], according to claims by the manufacturer, the Javelin had been used in around 5,000 successful engagements. In 1986, the Office of the Secretary of Defense approved the joint requirements for the AAWS-M, greenlighting the program to proceed with demonstration and validation. Developed as "Spiral 1" in 2013-14. A commonly cited estimate for a Javelins cost is $80,000 per unit, although according to the P.B. In April 1991, the first test-flight of the Javelin succeeded, and in March 1993, the first test-firing from the launcher succeeded. The seeker assembly is encased in a dome that is transparent to long-wave infrared radiation. ", "Who Is St. Javelin and Why Is She a Symbol of the War in Ukraine? HYDRA-70 Family of Rockets / MAULER. Infantry personnel are no longer required to stay in constant contact with armored personnel carriers and tanks with thermal sights. Trivia When the missile strikes the target, ESAF enables the tandem warhead function (provide appropriate time between the detonation of the precursor charge and the detonation of the main charge). When the missile reaches a key acceleration point (indicating that it has cleared the launch tube), the ESAF initiates a second arming signal to fire the flight motor. General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems is a global aerospace and defense company. It is from this view that the gunner focuses the image and determines the area that gives the best heat signature on which to lock the missile. 2022 Army budget submission, the Army has purchased 32,142 rounds for an average unit cost of $107,500. The Patriot deployment to Ukraine constitutes a strong statement of U.S. commitment to defend Ukraine, but also raises several questions on training and sustainment. The Javelin backblast area extends 100 meters to the rear and up to 25 meters to the sides of the launcher and forms a 60-degree danger area. It has a life span of 30 years. In 1994, low levels of production were authorized,[10] and the first Javelins were deployed with US Army units in 1996.[10]. There are three stages in the flight managed by the tracker: 1) an initial phase just after launch; 2) a mid-flight phase that lasts for most of the flight; and 3) a terminal phase in which the tracker selects the most effective point of impact. The U.S. State Department also approved potential Javelin sales to Belgium in August 2012 and Thailand in July 2021, but it is unclear if these sales were completed.30. FM 3-22.37 Javelin Medium Antiarmor Weapon System. The CLU display is like a miniature television, which is used to make the wide field of view (WFOV), narrow field of view (NFOV), and seeker infrared images visible to the gunner. A portion of the primary danger area has been extended forward Provides the gunner a visible-light image with 4X magnification for target viewing and battlefield surveillance. Answer (1 of 4): It has a tandem shaped charge warhead: Shaped charges are the main type of armour-piercing explosive warhead used by the military. Heavy fog reduces the capability of the gunner to detect and engage targets. Production missiles will be designated FGM-148G. We are a committed to providing the U.S. military and its allies with an extensive range of overarching products that provide a cutting-edge advantage to our war fighters. Soldiers are also taught to distinguish between a variety of vehicle types even when only a rough outline is visible. The target is initially defined by the gunner, who places a configurable frame around it. Copyright 2006 Gary W. Cooke To fire, the gunner places a cursor over the selected target. Javelin is a fire-and-forget missile with lock-on before launch and automatic self-guidance. AFP. But the R9X can be used in more targeted attacks. km.). The Javelin is not effective when breaching structural walls. The gunner must partially expose himself to engage the enemy. In 1983, the United States Army introduced its AAWS-M (Advanced Anti-Tank Weapon SystemMedium) requirement and, in 1985, the AAWS-M was approved for development. The AGM-114M is a blast fragmentation missile designed for soft targets such as buildings, bunkers, light-armoured vehicles and caves. Breaching calls for the creation of a large hole. The primary danger area radius of curvature is 25 meters. Its reload and reacquire time takes around one minute.25 It requires only 72 hours of classroom training to become a qualified operator. controls, and indicators. The seeker stays focused on the target's image, continuing to track it as the target moves or the missile's flight path alters, or attack angles change. Russia unveiled its new super-heavy, MIRV-equipped ICBM this week. Shell on top is a HEAT round. It was designed to defeat heavily armored vehicles such as main battle tanks and lighter-skinned military vehicles. Download the file for your platform. Complete demilitarization and explosive waste disposal services, including; characterization, analysis, transportation, storage, treatment and disposal. This marks another notable improvement over the M47 Dragon, which officially required up to 10 days of training.26. A newer main charge liner produces a higher velocity jet. The Javelin surface-attack guided missile and launcher is a fire-and-forget, man-portable, medium antiarmor weapon consisting of a command launch unit (CLU) and a round. The missile imaging infrared (IR) system gives the missile the ability to guide itself to the target when launched by the gunner. It is made by the Javelin Joint Venture, a partnership between Raytheon Missiles & Defense and Lockheed Martin. FGM-148E: Replaced electronic components in the control actuator section of the missile for cost and weight savings. And Mark Cancian with the Center for Strategic and International Studies says the war in Ukraine has distinguished an American-made, shoulder-fired, precision-guided anti-tank missile - the Javelin. The launch motor produces a small signature. Active Protection Systems (APS) uses sensors, tracking radar, launchers and countermeasure munitions to defeat and/or deflect anti-tank guided missiles and rocket-propelled grenades away from combat vehicles. MIRV . The screen shows a "green scale" view which can be adjusted in both contrast and brightness. The soldiers are taught basic care and maintenance, operation and abilities, assembly and disassembly, and the positions it can be fired from. The cathode ray tube (CRT) converts electrical signals from the signal processor into visible images for the gunner. The Javelin, which was designed toward the end of the Cold War, consists of two parts: a 15-pound reusable launcher that soldiers often use for reconnaissance and surveillance, given its suite of. Enemy positions or bunkers in the open closer than 150 meters are engaged using the direct attack mode. It first entered service with the U.S. military in 1996. A small launch motor using conventional rocket propellant ejects the missile from the launcher, but stops burning before the missile clears the tube. It is when in this view that information is passed from the CLU, through the connection electronics of the Launch Tube Assembly, and into the missile's guidance system. The weapon system is deployed with more than 40 international armed forces and integrated on more than 15,000 ground, vehicle and helicopter platforms. Likely the Enhanced Producibility Program (EPP) design introduced before the Javelins Milestone III. R-36M / SS-18 SATAN. The CLU has three views which are used to find, target, and fire the missile and may also be used separately from the missile as a portable thermal sight. The report, titled "Army AcquisitionJavelin Is Not Ready for Multiyear Procurement", opposed entering into full-rate production in 1997 and expressed the need for further operational testing due to the many redesigns undergone. The CLU status indicators are fourteen icons that surround the CLU display. Javelin is the medium anti-tank system for infantry, scouts and combat engineers. The Javelin counters the advent of explosive reactive armor (ERA). Stay Informed: The Latest News on Javelin The FGM-148 Javelin is a man-portable, fire-and-forget antitank guided missile (ATGM) system with an effective range of 2.5 km. A conventional missile such as the Hellfire explodes, creating a deadly blast radius and turning objects into lethal shrapnel. The inside of the CLU is cooled by a small refrigeration unit attached to the sight. Last updated: 16-AUG-2006: Added CLU and missile costs. APFSDS (bottom) used on Japan's Type-90 tanks. It replaced the M47 Dragon anti-tank missile in US service. Prior to launch, a cooler mounted on the outside of the launch tube activates the electrical systems in the missile and supplies cold gas from a Joule-Thomson expander to the missile detector assembly while the missile is still in the launch tube. The missile is equipped with four movable tail fins and eight fixed wings at mid-body. ", "Javelin missile: Made by the US, wielded by Ukraine, feared by Russia", "The Ukrainian army has set a record in the effectiveness of the use of anti-tank systems Javelin - Pentagon 112 shots - 100 accurate hits on target ", "Russia Flaunts Stockpile of Western Arms Abandoned By Ukrainian Troops", "Amerikanskij granatomet i raketu NLAW nali na byvih pozicijah VSU", "U.S. The black collar is the 'sabot', made out of two halves that break apart after firing. [citation needed], The LWCLU does not yet have a variant designation. Learn More. The AGM-114N is a metal augmented charge (MAC) variant deployed against enclosed structures with minimum collateral damage. Hearing impairment and eye damage could occur to personnel that are 10 meters beyond the [29] By June 2018, it was still unconfirmed if the YPG themselves were fielding Javelin missiles, although US special forces units have been seen operating them in support of Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) advances during the Deir ez-Zor campaign in the Middle Euphrates River Valley. The CLU components are a main housing, absorbers, handgrips, battery compartment, In the direct-attack mode, the Javelin requires up to 60-plus meters of overhead clearance. Due to the sensitivity this causes, the gunner is able to "focus" the CLU to show a detailed image of the area being viewed by showing temperature differences of only a few degrees. [48], Comparable shorter range fire-and-forget systems, For the British surface-to-air missile, see, Please expand the section to include this information. Introduction. The new Lightweight CLU is estimated at $514,000. [1], The Javelin had enough range, power, and accuracy for dismounted infantry to counter standoff engagement tactics employed by enemy weapons. Those two computers predict a flight path for the missile to reach the target (the javelin system has two flight modes, direct flight and top attack). Top attack mode is designed to target tanks; the missile flies upward to reach a peak altitude of 150 m before striking the tanks more vulnerable roof. The new CLU is 70 percent smaller, 40 percent lighter, and has a 50 percent battery life increase. The Javelin uses an optical lens and launcher called the Command Launch Unit (CLU). The weak, smaller diameter HEAT precursor charge detonates the ERA, clearing the way for the much larger diameter HEAT warhead, which then penetrates the target's primary armor. [45], The Javelin Weapon System has been incrementally upgraded, resulting in a number of variants and production blocks. The dual-shaped charge warhead is capable of defeating any known enemy armor. Both the gunner and the ammunition bearer carry the Launch Tube Assembly, a disposable tube that houses the missile and protects the missile from harsh environments. The NUKEMAP is designed to show the effect of a nuclear detonation in any given location across the globe. This is also the primary view used due to its ability to detect infrared radiation and find both troops and vehicles otherwise too well hidden to detect. This area is It is also used to scan immediately before sunrise and after sunset, when it is difficult to focus the thermal image due to the natural rapid heating or cooling of the environment. This backblast can damage equipment or When employing the Javelin in the dismounted role, the soldier's load becomes important. Serious hearing impairment or damage from frequent exposure could occur to personnel in this area during This explosion does not harm the vehicle's main armor, but causes steel panels to fly across the path of a HEAT round's narrow particle stream, disrupting its focus and leaving it unable to cut through the main armor. The cool down time of the NVS is 2.5 to 3.5 minutes. Further details may exist on the, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Aviation and Missile Research, Development, and Engineering Center, Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), "Javelin in Afghanistan: The Effective Use of an Anti-Tank Weapon for Counter-Insurgency Operations", "Unsung Heroes: The 'Javelin Aces' Who Laid Waste To An Iraqi Armored Unit", "La bataille de Raqqa, en franais dans le texte", "American Missiles Found in Libyan Rebel Compound", "The US and NATO have reportedly shipped 17,000 anti-tank weapons to Ukraine", "Department of Defense Fiscal Year (FY) 2021 Budget Estimates: Justification Book of Missile Procurement, Army", "US approves Ukraine's purchase of 150 Javelin anti-tank missiles", "Raytheon/Lockheed Martin Javelin Joint Venture Awarded Contract For 2,100 F-Model Missiles, Marking Initial Full-Rate Production", "Department of Defense Fiscal Year (FY) 2021 Budget Estimates: Justification Book of Research, Development, Test & Evaluation, Army RDT&E Volume II, Budget Activity 5", "Javelin Missile Hits Targets Beyond Current Maximum Range During Tests", "Introduction to Crew Served Weapons B3M4078 Student Handout", "Instrumentation Development: Javelin Environmental Test System (JETS)", United States Army Test and Evaluation Command, "262 Phase I Selections from the 06.2 Solicitation", "Close Combat Missile Systems Overview to Precision Strike Association", "Raytheon launches Stinger missile from Javelin launcher", AUSA NEWS: Lightweight Javelin Launcher Enters Low-Rate Production, "Javelin warhead redesigned for future threats", "Lockheed-Raytheon's deadlier F-Model Javelin anti-tank missile rolls into production", "64 64 LWIR Focal Plane Assembly (FPA) Highly Linear, Rapid Operation Staring Array", "The Struggle for Iraq: Combat; How Green Berets Beat the Odds at an Iraq Alamo", "EXCLUSIVE: Interethnic coalition takes on the IS group in Syria", "This highly advanced U.S.-made anti-tank missile could now be on Syria's frontlines", "Ukraine Has Become a Graveyard for Russian Tanks", "Who is St Javelin? The gas is held in a small bottle at high pressure and contains enough coolant for the duration of the flight of approximately 19 seconds. [16] This makes it harder to identify the launcher, though backblast from the launch tube still poses a hazard to nearby personnel. Through the eyepiece, the gunner sees the DAY FOV, WFOV, NFOV, seeker FOV, and the status indicators. If there is little difference in the amount of infrared energy between a target and its background, then neither the Javelin CLU nor the missile seeker can see the target well, thus greatly degrading the performance of the Javelin. The launch motor is held in place by a set of shear pins, which fracture if the pressure rises too high, and allow the motor to be pushed out of the back of the tube. The CLU contains a daysight, night vision sight, Gary's U.S. Infantry Weapons Reference Guide, Advanced Antitank Weapon System-Medium (AAWS-M), 14.16 lb (6.42 kg) - With battery, carrying bag, and cleaning kit, 13.71 x 19.65 x 13.34 in (348.2 x 499.1 x 338.8 mm), Lithium Sulfur Dioxide (LiSO2) BA-5590/U, nonrechargeable. Each mode has its own flight path or profile for reaching the target. Copyright 1995 - 2022 General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems. The command launch unit It has a qualified maximum range of 2,500, though the U.S. notes that it has demonstrated performance to 4,000 meters in most operational conditions.22, It flies at around 140 m/s and reaches max altitudes of 150 m and 50 m while in top attack and direct attack modes, respectively. ", "US approves sale to Poland of 180 Javelin guided missiles", "Poland Javelin Missile and Command Launch Unit", "FMS: Qatar Requests Sales of 500 Javelin Anti-Tank Missile Rounds and 50 Launch Units", "$23.9B in Deals Announced on Last Day of DIMDEX", "Kingdom of Saudi Arabia JAVELIN Missiles | The Official Home of the Defense Security Cooperation Agency", "Taiwan Agrees to Purchase Raytheon-Lockheed Martin Javelin Anti-tank Weapon System", "Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in the United States JAVELIN Guided Missile Systems", "New Shoulder-Launched Missile Enters Service Four Months Early", "Javelin Medium Range Anti-tank Guided Weapon", "U.S. Army Awards Contracts for Javelin Anti-Tank Weapon Systems", "E konfirmon edhe Peleshi: Shqipria do t armatoset me antitankun m t mir n bot", "Brazil Javelin Missiles | Defense Security Cooperation Agency", "Lockheed-Raytheon JV wins $309 mln Javelin missile contract from U.S. army", "India to order large number of Javelin anti-tank missiles from US", "Israel pips US in anti-tank guided missile supply to India", "Too Early To Assess Indo-US Defense Ties", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FGM-148_Javelin&oldid=1151710642, US$216,717 (G-model missile only, FY2021). First delivery is slated for 2025.[23]. A new map shows the devastating impact that nuclear war could have on the UK. Their . A Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet multirole fighter is flying directly away from the bomb (I imagine it doesn't particularly matter which heading/direction) at a steady rate of 280 meters per second overland. This mobile unit may be repositioned at the various environmental testing facilities. Initial versions had a range of 2,000m (6,600ft), later increased to 2,500m (8,200ft). However, it is not as commonly-used as a high magnification view because it takes longer to scan a wide area. Missile Threat is a product of the Missile Defense Project at the Center for Strategic and International Studies. U.S. DoD Defenselink website. [24][21] The Javelin F-model was planned to begin deliveries in early 2020;[8] the improved missile design, along with new lighter CLU with an improved target tracker,[dubious discuss] entered production in May 2020.[25]. What kills is the pressure wave, and more importantly, the subsequent rarefaction [vacuum], which ruptures the lungs. Launch Systems, Control Actuator Systems, Rocket Motor Cases, Pressure Vessels and Launch Tubes. Designed to help the U.S. and allies leverage emerging technologies to create a resilient multi-domain network. The tracker then uses algorithms to compare that region of the frame based on image, geometric, and movement data to the new image frames being sent from the seeker, similar to pattern recognition algorithms. . The MPWH does not add weight or cost and has a lighter composite missile mid-body to enable drop-in replacement to existing Javelin tubes. DT&E serves a critical purpose as it reduces the risks of hazards by testing selected high-risk components or subsystems. 2007 ARMY MISSILE PROCUREMENT, President's Budget. This Hellfire Romeo warhead has demonstrated lethality against a variety of targets, including tanks, small boats, light armor, trucks, and personnel. Heavy damage to commercial buildings would extend to a radius of 3.2 miles (32 sq. Even when not firing, the Javelin's CLU was commonly used as a man-portable surveillance system. The advanced multi-purpose warheads developed by General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems combined world-class shaped charge and blast fragmentation technology to serve this purpose. "The [blast] kill mechanism against living targets is uniqueand unpleasant. "Block 1": 2006. This is intended to divert the blast and minimise the damage caused. In 1995, Secretary of Defense William Perry had set forth five new operational test initiatives. [30] An image dubbed "Saint Javelin", which shows Mary Magdalene holding a Javelin launcher in the style of an Eastern Orthodox church painting, gained attraction in social media and soon became a symbol of the Ukrainian resistance against the Russian invasion. The missile is ejected from the launcher to a safe distance from the operator before the main rocket motors ignite a "soft launch arrangement". With its soft launch design, Javelin can be safely fired from inside buildings or bunkers. The seeker is calibrated using a chopper wheel. Todays warfighters need weapons that offer the flexibility to engage multiple types of targets, ranging from heavy armor to structures and personnel. ESAF cues the launch motor after the trigger is pulled. The CLU takes this picture and sends it to the missile's computer. However, the suggestion that Russia revealed a brand new 'Satan 2' weapon after invading Ukraine to warn off NATO and Western interference is not accurate. The only requirement for maintenance is for stockpile surveillance. This is most commonly only minor requirements left out due to budget, the number of soldiers vs. simulation equipment, and available time and resources. line. ATGMs are better used against armored vehicles or for the destruction of enemy-fortified fighting positions. These electrons are converted to voltages that are multiplexed out of the ROIC on a frame-by-frame basis. The mobile system is used for all phases of Javelin qualification testing. A Ukrainian soldier near the remnants of a Russian T-90 tank that was said to have been destroyed with U.S.-made Javelin missile at a front-line position in the northern outskirts of Kyiv, Ukraine . Can be used with power off for surveillance only to save battery life. The Javelin Environmental Test System (JETS) is a mobile test set for Javelin All-Up-Round (AUR) and the Command Launch Unit (CLU). These reference points allow the FPA to reduce noise introduced by response variations in the detector elements. Image via Wikimedia. The UAE transfer of Javelin missiles violated a U.N. arms embargo on Libya, and likely violated the UAEs sales agreement with the United States. Once the best target area is chosen, the gunner presses one of the two triggers and is automatically switched to the fourth view; the seeker FOV, which is a 9x magnification thermal view. Spiral 1s production designation is the FGM-148E, Spiral 2 became the FGM-148F, and Spiral 3 is designated the FGM-148G.10, The Javelin measures roughly 1.2 m in length, 127 mm in diameter, and weighs 22.1 kg, with some minor differences depending on the variant. ", "How St Javelin become the face of Ukraine resistance amid war? ted lasso rebecca welton wardrobe, where is the key to the abandoned shack in skyrim,

Who Sings Rebel Just For Kicks, Tyler Brown Astros Contract, Frozen Cheese Curds Sam's Club, Marie Louise Pauline Blanque, Westcott And Hort Bible Translations, Articles J